The Aer device

The qiskit.aer device provided by the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin allows you to use PennyLane to deploy and run your quantum machine learning models on the backends and simulators provided by Qiskit Aer.

You can instantiate a 'qiskit.aer' device for PennyLane with:

import pennylane as qml
dev = qml.device('qiskit.aer', wires=2)

This device can then be used just like other devices for the definition and evaluation of QNodes within PennyLane. A simple quantum function that returns the expectation value of a measurement and depends on three classical input parameters would look like:

@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(x, y, z):
    qml.RZ(z, wires=[0])
    qml.RY(y, wires=[0])
    qml.RX(x, wires=[0])
    qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
    return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=1))

You can then execute the circuit like any other function to get the quantum mechanical expectation value.

circuit(0.2, 0.1, 0.3)

Backends

The default backend is the AerSimulator. However, multiple other backends are also available. To get a current overview what backends are available you can query

dev.capabilities()['backend']

or, alternatively,

from qiskit_aer import Aer
Aer.backends()

Note

Currently, PennyLane does not support the 'pulse_simulator' backend.

You can change a 'qiskit.aer' device’s backend with the backend argument when creating the device:

dev = qml.device('qiskit.aer', wires=2, backend='aer_simulator_statevector')

Backend Methods and Options

This AerSimulator backend has several available methods, which can be passed via the method keyword argument. For example 'automatic', 'statevector', and 'unitary'.

dev = qml.device("qiskit.aer", wires=2, method="automatic")

Each of these methods can take different run options, for example to specify the numerical precision of the simulation.

The options are set via additional keyword arguments:

dev = qml.device(
    'qiskit.aer',
    wires=2,
    backend='unitary_simulator',
    validation_threshold=1e-6
)

For more information on available methods and their options, please visit the AerSimulator documentation.

Warning

The AerSimulator methods "stabilizer", "extended_stabilizer", "matrix_product_state", and "superop" are currently not supported.

Noise models

One great feature of the 'qiskit.aer' device is the ability to simulate noise. There are different noise models, which you can instantiate and apply to the device as follows (adapting this qiskit tutorial):

import pennylane as qml

import qiskit
from qiskit_aer import noise

# Error probabilities
prob_1 = 0.001  # 1-qubit gate
prob_2 = 0.01   # 2-qubit gate

# Depolarizing quantum errors
error_1 = noise.depolarizing_error(prob_1, 1)
error_2 = noise.depolarizing_error(prob_2, 2)

# Add errors to noise model
noise_model = noise.NoiseModel()
noise_model.add_all_qubit_quantum_error(error_1, ['u1', 'u2', 'u3'])
noise_model.add_all_qubit_quantum_error(error_2, ['cx'])

# Create a PennyLane device
dev = qml.device('qiskit.aer', wires=2, noise_model=noise_model)

# Create a PennyLane quantum node run on the device
@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(x, y, z):
    qml.RZ(z, wires=[0])
    qml.RY(y, wires=[0])
    qml.RX(x, wires=[0])
    qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
    return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(wires=1))

# Result of noisy simulator
print(circuit(0.2, 0.1, 0.3))

Please refer to the Qiskit documentation for more information on noise models.

devices/aer

 

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