qec.fabricate (::catalyst::qec::FabricateOp)

Fabricate axillary qubits from qubit factories.

Syntax:

operation ::= `qec.fabricate` $init_state attr-dict `:` type($out_qubits)

The FabricateOp represents a operation that produces/fetches auxiliary qubits from a qubit factory.

FabricateOp is used to prepare states not normally available in an error correction scheme, such as magic states |m⟩ (magic) and |m̅⟩ (magic_conj), or |Y⟩ (plus_i), and |-Y⟩ (minus_i) in some instances. For states constructible within the scheme, use PrepareStateOp instead. Contrary to PrepareStateOp, this operation does not operate on existing qubits.

Example:

%0 = qec.fabricate magic: !quantum.bit
%1 = qec.fabricate magic_conj: !quantum.bit
%2 = qec.fabricate plus_i: !quantum.bit
%3 = qec.fabricate minus_i: !quantum.bit

Attributes:

Attribute	MLIR Type	Description
init_state	::catalyst::qec::LogicalInitKindAttr	The initial state of a logical qubit such as |0⟩, |1⟩, |+⟩, |−⟩, |Y⟩, |-Y⟩, |m⟩, or |m̅⟩.

Results:

Result	Description
out_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

qec.layer (::catalyst::qec::LayerOp)

A layer operation

The qec.layer operation represents a group of PPR/PPM operations that are either mutually commutative within the group or act on different qubits.

qec.layer operates on carried variables and returns the final values after termination.

The body region must contain exactly one block that terminates with qec.yield.

Example:

func.func @layer(%arg0 : !quantum.bit, %arg1 : i1) -> i1 {
    %m, %0 = qec.layer(%q0 = %arg0, %c = %arg1) : !quantum.bit, i1 {
        %res, %q_1 = qec.ppm ["Z"](4) %q0 cond(%c): !quantum.bit
        qec.yield %res, %q_1 : i1, !quantum.bit
    }
    func.return %m : i1
}

Traits: SingleBlockImplicitTerminator<YieldOp>, SingleBlock

Operands:

Operand	Description
initArgs	variadic of any type

Results:

Result	Description
results	variadic of any type

qec.ppm (::catalyst::qec::PPMeasurementOp)

Pauli Product Measurement on qubits.

Syntax:

operation ::= `qec.ppm` $pauli_product (`(` $rotation_sign^ `)`)? $in_qubits (`cond` `(` $condition^ `)`)? attr-dict `:` type($out_qubits)

The PPMeasurementOp represents a Pauli product measurement operation. It measures a set of qubits in the basis specified by a Pauli product.

The operation is characterized by:

1. A Pauli product (e.g., [“X”, “I”, “Z”]) specifying the measurement basis

2. A list of input qubits to measure

The operation returns:

1. A measurement result (1-bit classical value)

2. The post-measurement state of the qubits

Example:

%result, %q0:3 = qec.ppm ["X", "I", "Z"] %q0, %q1, %q2 : !quantum.bit, !quantum.bit, !quantum.bit

This measures the three qubits in the X⊗I⊗Z basis.

Traits: AttrSizedOperandSegments

Interfaces: QECOpInterface

Attributes:

Attribute	MLIR Type	Description
pauli_product	::mlir::ArrayAttr	A product of Pauli operators, aka a Pauli word.
rotation_sign	::mlir::IntegerAttr	16-bit signless integer attribute

Operands:

Operand	Description
in_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).
condition	1-bit signless integer

Results:

Result	Description
mres	1-bit signless integer
out_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

qec.ppr (::catalyst::qec::PPRotationOp)

Pauli Product Rotation on qubits.

Syntax:

operation ::= `qec.ppr` $pauli_product `(` $rotation_kind `)` $in_qubits attr-dict (`cond` `(` $condition^ `)`)? `:` type($out_qubits)

The PPRotationOp represents a Pauli product rotation operation on a set of qubits. It applies a rotation of the form exp(iθP) where:

• P is a Pauli product (specified by pauli_product)

• θ is the rotation angle (specified by rotation_kind in fractions of π)

The operation is characterized by:

1. A Pauli product (e.g., [“X”, “I”, “Z”]) specifying which Pauli operators to apply

2. A rotation kind (in fractions of π) specifying the angle

3. A list of input qubits to apply the rotation to

The operation returns the same number of qubits as input.

Example:

%result = qec.ppr ["X", "I", "Z"](4) %q0, %q1, %q2 : !quantum.bit, !quantum.bit, !quantum.bit

This applies exp(iπ/4 * X⊗I⊗Z) to the three qubits.

Traits: AttrSizedOperandSegments

Interfaces: QECOpInterface

Attributes:

Attribute	MLIR Type	Description
pauli_product	::mlir::ArrayAttr	A product of Pauli operators, aka a Pauli word.
rotation_kind	::mlir::IntegerAttr	16-bit signless integer attribute

Operands:

Operand	Description
in_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).
condition	1-bit signless integer

Results:

Result	Description
out_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

qec.prepare (::catalyst::qec::PrepareStateOp)

Initialize existing qubits into a given state.

Syntax:

operation ::= `qec.prepare` $init_state $in_qubits attr-dict `:` type($out_qubits)

Prepares non-magic states of logical qubits in a specific initial quantum state, such as |0⟩, |1⟩, |+⟩, |-⟩, |Y⟩, |-Y⟩. The input state of qubits can be any state, not necessarily |0⟩.

By default, when allocating a qubit using quantum.alloc_qb or quantum.alloc, it is prepared in the |0⟩ state.

Based on QEC scheme, |Y⟩ (plus_i) and |-Y⟩ (minus_i) can be prepared as transversal operations. Otherwise, if those states are fabricated, FabricateOp should be used.

Magic state such as |m⟩ (magic) and |m̅⟩ (magic_conj) cannot be prepared by this operation, use FabricateOp instead.

Example:

%0 = qec.prepare zero %q0 : !quantum.bit
%1 = qec.prepare one %q1 : !quantum.bit
%2 = qec.prepare plus %q2 : !quantum.bit
%3 = qec.prepare minus %q3 : !quantum.bit
%4 = qec.prepare plus_i %q4 : !quantum.bit

These prepares the logical qubit in the |0⟩ state and the |m⟩ state respectively.

Attributes:

Attribute	MLIR Type	Description
init_state	::catalyst::qec::LogicalInitKindAttr	The initial state of a logical qubit such as |0⟩, |1⟩, |+⟩, |−⟩, |Y⟩, |-Y⟩, |m⟩, or |m̅⟩.

Operands:

Operand	Description
in_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

Results:

Result	Description
out_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

qec.select.ppm (::catalyst::qec::SelectPPMeasurementOp)

Multiplexed Pauli product measurement.

Syntax:

operation ::= `qec.select.ppm` `(` $select_switch `,` $pauli_product_0 `,` $pauli_product_1 `)` $in_qubits attr-dict `:` type($out_qubits)

Based on the boolean select_switch (type i1), this op selects between two Pauli product strings:

• If select_switch is 1, applies and measures using pauli_product_0.

• If select_switch is 0, uses pauli_product_1.

The operation returns:

• mres: the result of the Pauli product measurement (i1)

• out_qubits: post-measurement qubits

Example:

%m3, %3 = qec.select.ppm (%m1, ["X"], ["Z"]) %1#1 : !quantum.bit

If %m1 == 1, applies “X” to %1#1; else applies “Z”. Then measures.

Attributes:

Attribute	MLIR Type	Description
pauli_product_0	::mlir::ArrayAttr	A product of Pauli operators, aka a Pauli word.
pauli_product_1	::mlir::ArrayAttr	A product of Pauli operators, aka a Pauli word.

Operands:

Operand	Description
select_switch	1-bit signless integer
in_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

Results:

Result	Description
mres	1-bit signless integer
out_qubits	variadic of A value-semantic qubit (state).

qec.yield (::catalyst::qec::YieldOp)

Return results from a layer region

Syntax:

operation ::= `qec.yield` attr-dict ($results^ `:` type($results))?

Traits: AlwaysSpeculatableImplTrait, HasParent<LayerOp>, ReturnLike, Terminator

Interfaces: ConditionallySpeculatable, NoMemoryEffect (MemoryEffectOpInterface), RegionBranchTerminatorOpInterface

Effects: MemoryEffects::Effect{}

Operands:

Operand	Description
results	variadic of any type

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