qml.measurements.ClassicalShadowMP

class ClassicalShadowMP(wires=None, seed=None, id=None)

Bases: pennylane.measurements.measurements.MeasurementTransform

Represents a classical shadow measurement process occurring at the end of a quantum variational circuit.

Please refer to pennylane.classical_shadow() for detailed documentation.

Parameters

• wires (Wires) – The wires the measurement process applies to.

• seed (Union[int, None]) – The seed used to generate the random measurements

• id (str) – custom label given to a measurement instance, can be useful for some applications where the instance has to be identified

Attributes

has_decomposition	Whether or not the MeasurementProcess returns a defined decomposition when calling expand.
hash	returns an integer hash uniquely representing the measurement process
numeric_type	The Python numeric type of the measurement result.
raw_wires	The wires the measurement process acts on.
return_type	Measurement return type.
samples_computational_basis	Whether or not the MeasurementProcess measures in the computational basis.
wires	The wires the measurement process acts on.

has_decomposition

Whether or not the MeasurementProcess returns a defined decomposition when calling expand.

Type

Bool

hash

returns an integer hash uniquely representing the measurement process

Type

int

numeric_type

raw_wires

The wires the measurement process acts on.

For measurements involving more than one set of wires (such as mutual information), this is a list of the Wires objects. Otherwise, this is the same as wires()

return_type

Measurement return type.

samples_computational_basis

wires

The wires the measurement process acts on.

This is the union of all the Wires objects of the measurement.

Methods

diagonalizing_gates()	Returns the gates that diagonalize the measured wires such that they are in the eigenbasis of the circuit observables.
eigvals()	Eigenvalues associated with the measurement process.
expand()	Expand the measurement of an observable to a unitary rotation and a measurement in the computational basis.
map_wires(wire_map)	Returns a copy of the current measurement process with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
process(tape, device)	Returns the measured bits and recipes in the classical shadow protocol.
process_state_with_shots(state, wire_order, ...)	Process the given quantum state with the given number of shots
queue([context])	Append the measurement process to an annotated queue.
shape([shots, num_device_wires])	Calculate the shape of the result object tensor.
simplify()	Reduce the depth of the observable to the minimum.

diagonalizing_gates()

Returns the gates that diagonalize the measured wires such that they are in the eigenbasis of the circuit observables.

Returns

the operations that diagonalize the observables

Return type

List[Operation]

eigvals()

Eigenvalues associated with the measurement process.

If the measurement process has an associated observable, the eigenvalues will correspond to this observable. Otherwise, they will be the eigenvalues provided when the measurement process was instantiated.

Note that the eigenvalues are not guaranteed to be in any particular order.

Example:

>>> m = MeasurementProcess(Expectation, obs=qml.X(1))
>>> m.eigvals()
array([1, -1])

Returns

eigvals representation

Return type

array

expand()

Expand the measurement of an observable to a unitary rotation and a measurement in the computational basis.

Returns

a quantum tape containing the operations required to diagonalize the observable

Return type

QuantumTape

Example:

Consider a measurement process consisting of the expectation value of an Hermitian observable:

>>> H = np.array([[1, 2], [2, 4]])
>>> obs = qml.Hermitian(H, wires=['a'])
>>> m = MeasurementProcess(Expectation, obs=obs)

Expanding this out:

>>> tape = m.expand()

We can see that the resulting tape has the qubit unitary applied, and a measurement process with no observable, but the eigenvalues specified:

>>> print(tape.operations)
[QubitUnitary(array([[-0.89442719,  0.4472136 ],
      [ 0.4472136 ,  0.89442719]]), wires=['a'])]
>>> print(tape.measurements[0].eigvals())
[0. 5.]
>>> print(tape.measurements[0].obs)
None

map_wires(wire_map)

Returns a copy of the current measurement process with its wires changed according to the given wire map.

Parameters

wire_map (dict) – dictionary containing the old wires as keys and the new wires as values

Returns

new measurement process

Return type

MeasurementProcess

process(tape, device)

Returns the measured bits and recipes in the classical shadow protocol.

The protocol is described in detail in the classical shadows paper. This measurement process returns the randomized Pauli measurements (the recipes) that are performed for each qubit and snapshot as an integer:

• 0 for Pauli X,

• 1 for Pauli Y, and

• 2 for Pauli Z.

It also returns the measurement results (the bits); 0 if the 1 eigenvalue is sampled, and 1 if the -1 eigenvalue is sampled.

The device shots are used to specify the number of snapshots. If T is the number of shots and n is the number of qubits, then both the measured bits and the Pauli measurements have shape (T, n).

This implementation is device-agnostic and works by executing single-shot quantum tapes containing randomized Pauli observables. Devices should override this if they can offer cleaner or faster implementations.

See also

classical_shadow()

Parameters

• tape (QuantumTape) – the quantum tape to be processed

• device (pennylane.devices.LegacyDevice) – the device used to process the quantum tape

Returns

A tensor with shape (2, T, n), where the first row represents the measured bits and the second represents the recipes used.

Return type

tensor_like[int]

process_state_with_shots(state, wire_order, shots, rng=None)

Process the given quantum state with the given number of shots

Parameters

• state (Sequence[complex]) – quantum state vector given as a rank-N tensor, where each dim has size 2 and N is the number of wires.

• wire_order (Wires) – wires determining the subspace that state acts on; a matrix of dimension \(2^n\) acts on a subspace of \(n\) wires

• shots (int) – The number of shots

• rng (Union[None, int, array_like[int], SeedSequence, BitGenerator, Generator]) – A seed-like parameter matching that of seed for numpy.random.default_rng. If no value is provided, a default RNG will be used. The random measurement outcomes in the form of bits will be generated from this argument, while the random recipes will be created from the seed argument provided to .ClassicalShadowsMP.

Returns

A tensor with shape (2, T, n), where the first row represents the measured bits and the second represents the recipes used.

Return type

tensor_like[int]

queue(context=<class 'pennylane.queuing.QueuingManager'>)

Append the measurement process to an annotated queue.

shape(shots=None, num_device_wires=0)

Calculate the shape of the result object tensor.

Parameters

• shots (Optional[int]) – the number of shots used execute the circuit. None indicates an analytic simulation. Shot vectors are handled by calling this method multiple times.

• num_device_wires (int) – The number of wires that will be used if the measurement is broadcasted across all available wires (len(mp.wires) == 0). If the device itself doesn’t provide a number of wires, the number of tape wires will be provided here instead:

Returns

An arbitrary length tuple of ints. May be an empty tuple.

Return type

tuple[int,…]

>>> qml.probs(wires=(0,1)).shape()
(4,)
>>> qml.sample(wires=(0,1)).shape(shots=50)
(50, 2)
>>> qml.state().shape(num_device_wires=4)
(16,)
>>> qml.expval(qml.Z(0)).shape()
()

simplify()

Reduce the depth of the observable to the minimum.

Returns

A measurement process with a simplified observable.

Return type

MeasurementProcess

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