qml.measurements.ClassicalShadowMP¶
-
class
ClassicalShadowMP
(*args, seed=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Bases:
pennylane.measurements.measurements.MeasurementTransform
Represents a classical shadow measurement process occurring at the end of a quantum variational circuit.
Please refer to
classical_shadow()
for detailed documentation.- Parameters
args (tuple[Any]) – Positional arguments passed to
MeasurementProcess
seed (Union[int, None]) – The seed used to generate the random measurements
kwargs (dict[Any, Any]) – Additional keyword arguments passed to
MeasurementProcess
Attributes
Whether or not the MeasurementProcess returns a defined decomposition when calling
expand
.returns an integer hash uniquely representing the measurement process
The Python numeric type of the measurement result.
The wires the measurement process acts on.
Measurement return type.
Whether or not the MeasurementProcess measures in the computational basis.
The wires the measurement process acts on.
-
has_decomposition
¶ Whether or not the MeasurementProcess returns a defined decomposition when calling
expand
.- Type
Bool
-
hash
¶ returns an integer hash uniquely representing the measurement process
- Type
int
-
numeric_type
¶
-
raw_wires
¶ The wires the measurement process acts on.
For measurements involving more than one set of wires (such as mutual information), this is a list of the Wires objects. Otherwise, this is the same as
wires()
-
return_type
¶
-
samples_computational_basis
¶
-
wires
¶ The wires the measurement process acts on.
This is the union of all the Wires objects of the measurement.
Methods
Returns the gates that diagonalize the measured wires such that they are in the eigenbasis of the circuit observables.
eigvals
()Eigenvalues associated with the measurement process.
expand
()Expand the measurement of an observable to a unitary rotation and a measurement in the computational basis.
map_wires
(wire_map)Returns a copy of the current measurement process with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
process
(tape, device)Returns the measured bits and recipes in the classical shadow protocol.
queue
([context])Append the measurement process to an annotated queue.
shape
([device])The expected output shape of the MeasurementProcess.
simplify
()Reduce the depth of the observable to the minimum.
-
diagonalizing_gates
()¶ Returns the gates that diagonalize the measured wires such that they are in the eigenbasis of the circuit observables.
- Returns
the operations that diagonalize the observables
- Return type
List[Operation]
-
eigvals
()¶ Eigenvalues associated with the measurement process.
If the measurement process has an associated observable, the eigenvalues will correspond to this observable. Otherwise, they will be the eigenvalues provided when the measurement process was instantiated.
Note that the eigenvalues are not guaranteed to be in any particular order.
Example:
>>> m = MeasurementProcess(Expectation, obs=qml.PauliX(wires=1)) >>> m.eigvals() array([1, -1])
- Returns
eigvals representation
- Return type
array
-
expand
()¶ Expand the measurement of an observable to a unitary rotation and a measurement in the computational basis.
- Returns
a quantum tape containing the operations required to diagonalize the observable
- Return type
Example:
Consider a measurement process consisting of the expectation value of an Hermitian observable:
>>> H = np.array([[1, 2], [2, 4]]) >>> obs = qml.Hermitian(H, wires=['a']) >>> m = MeasurementProcess(Expectation, obs=obs)
Expanding this out:
>>> tape = m.expand()
We can see that the resulting tape has the qubit unitary applied, and a measurement process with no observable, but the eigenvalues specified:
>>> print(tape.operations) [QubitUnitary(array([[-0.89442719, 0.4472136 ], [ 0.4472136 , 0.89442719]]), wires=['a'])] >>> print(tape.measurements[0].eigvals()) [0. 5.] >>> print(tape.measurements[0].obs) None
-
map_wires
(wire_map)¶ Returns a copy of the current measurement process with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
- Parameters
wire_map (dict) – dictionary containing the old wires as keys and the new wires as values
- Returns
new measurement process
- Return type
-
process
(tape, device)[source]¶ Returns the measured bits and recipes in the classical shadow protocol.
The protocol is described in detail in the classical shadows paper. This measurement process returns the randomized Pauli measurements (the
recipes
) that are performed for each qubit and snapshot as an integer:0 for Pauli X,
1 for Pauli Y, and
2 for Pauli Z.
It also returns the measurement results (the
bits
); 0 if the 1 eigenvalue is sampled, and 1 if the -1 eigenvalue is sampled.The device shots are used to specify the number of snapshots. If
T
is the number of shots andn
is the number of qubits, then both the measured bits and the Pauli measurements have shape(T, n)
.This implementation is device-agnostic and works by executing single-shot quantum tapes containing randomized Pauli observables. Devices should override this if they can offer cleaner or faster implementations.
See also
- Parameters
tape (QuantumTape) – the quantum tape to be processed
device (pennylane.Device) – the device used to process the quantum tape
- Returns
A tensor with shape
(2, T, n)
, where the first row represents the measured bits and the second represents the recipes used.- Return type
tensor_like[int]
-
queue
(context=<class 'pennylane.queuing.QueuingManager'>)¶ Append the measurement process to an annotated queue.
-
shape
(device=None)[source]¶ The expected output shape of the MeasurementProcess.
Note that the output shape is dependent on the device when:
The measurement type is either
ProbabilityMP
,StateMP
(fromstate()
) orSampleMP
;The shot vector was defined in the device.
For example, assuming a device with
shots=None
, expectation values and variances defineshape=(1,)
, whereas probabilities in the qubit model defineshape=(1, 2**num_wires)
wherenum_wires
is the number of wires the measurement acts on.Note that the shapes for vector-valued measurements such as
ProbabilityMP
andStateMP
are adjusted to the output ofqml.execute
and may have an extra first element that is squeezed when using QNodes.- Parameters
device (pennylane.Device) – a PennyLane device to use for determining the shape
- Returns
the output shape
- Return type
tuple
- Raises
QuantumFunctionError – the return type of the measurement process is unrecognized and cannot deduce the numeric type
-
simplify
()¶ Reduce the depth of the observable to the minimum.
- Returns
A measurement process with a simplified observable.
- Return type