Source code for pennylane.devices.default_mixed

# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
r"""
The default.mixed device is PennyLane's standard qubit simulator for mixed-state computations.

It implements the necessary :class:`~pennylane.Device` methods as well as some built-in
qubit :doc:`operations </introduction/operations>`, providing a simple mixed-state simulation of
qubit-based quantum circuits.
"""

import functools
import itertools
from collections import defaultdict
from string import ascii_letters as ABC
import numpy as np

import pennylane as qml
import pennylane.math as qnp
from pennylane import (
    BasisState,
    DeviceError,
    QubitDensityMatrix,
    QubitDevice,
    StatePrep,
    Snapshot,
)
from pennylane.measurements import CountsMP, MutualInfoMP, SampleMP, StateMP, VnEntropyMP, PurityMP
from pennylane.operation import Channel
from pennylane.ops.qubit.attributes import diagonal_in_z_basis
from pennylane.wires import Wires

from .._version import __version__

ABC_ARRAY = np.array(list(ABC))
tolerance = 1e-10


[docs]class DefaultMixed(QubitDevice): """Default qubit device for performing mixed-state computations in PennyLane. .. warning:: The API of ``DefaultMixed`` will be updated soon to follow a new device interface described in :class:`pennylane.devices.Device`. This change will not alter device behaviour for most workflows, but may have implications for plugin developers and users who directly interact with device methods. Please consult :class:`pennylane.devices.Device` and the implementation in :class:`pennylane.devices.DefaultQubit` for more information on what the new interface will look like and be prepared to make updates in a coming release. If you have any feedback on these changes, please create an `issue <https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/pennylane/issues>`_ or post in our `discussion forum <https://discuss.pennylane.ai/>`_. Args: wires (int, Iterable[Number, str]): Number of subsystems represented by the device, or iterable that contains unique labels for the subsystems as numbers (i.e., ``[-1, 0, 2]``) or strings (``['ancilla', 'q1', 'q2']``). shots (None, int): Number of times the circuit should be evaluated (or sampled) to estimate the expectation values. Defaults to ``None`` if not specified, which means that outputs are computed exactly. readout_prob (None, int, float): Probability for adding readout error to the measurement outcomes of observables. Defaults to ``None`` if not specified, which means that the outcomes are without any readout error. """ name = "Default mixed-state qubit PennyLane plugin" short_name = "default.mixed" pennylane_requires = __version__ version = __version__ author = "Xanadu Inc." operations = { "Identity", "Snapshot", "BasisState", "QubitStateVector", "StatePrep", "QubitDensityMatrix", "QubitUnitary", "ControlledQubitUnitary", "BlockEncode", "MultiControlledX", "DiagonalQubitUnitary", "SpecialUnitary", "PauliX", "PauliY", "PauliZ", "MultiRZ", "Hadamard", "S", "T", "SX", "CNOT", "SWAP", "ISWAP", "CSWAP", "Toffoli", "CCZ", "CY", "CZ", "CH", "PhaseShift", "PCPhase", "ControlledPhaseShift", "CPhaseShift00", "CPhaseShift01", "CPhaseShift10", "RX", "RY", "RZ", "Rot", "CRX", "CRY", "CRZ", "CRot", "AmplitudeDamping", "GeneralizedAmplitudeDamping", "PhaseDamping", "DepolarizingChannel", "BitFlip", "PhaseFlip", "PauliError", "ResetError", "QubitChannel", "SingleExcitation", "SingleExcitationPlus", "SingleExcitationMinus", "DoubleExcitation", "DoubleExcitationPlus", "DoubleExcitationMinus", "QubitCarry", "QubitSum", "OrbitalRotation", "FermionicSWAP", "QFT", "ThermalRelaxationError", "ECR", "ParametrizedEvolution", "GlobalPhase", } _reshape = staticmethod(qnp.reshape) _flatten = staticmethod(qnp.flatten) _transpose = staticmethod(qnp.transpose) # Allow for the `axis` keyword argument for integration with broadcasting-enabling # code in QubitDevice. However, it is not used as DefaultMixed does not support broadcasting # pylint: disable=unnecessary-lambda _gather = staticmethod(lambda *args, axis=0, **kwargs: qnp.gather(*args, **kwargs)) _dot = staticmethod(qnp.dot) measurement_map = defaultdict(lambda: "") measurement_map[PurityMP] = "purity" @staticmethod def _reduce_sum(array, axes): return qnp.sum(array, tuple(axes)) @staticmethod def _asarray(array, dtype=None): # Support float if not hasattr(array, "__len__"): return np.asarray(array, dtype=dtype) res = qnp.cast(array, dtype=dtype) return res def __init__( self, wires, *, r_dtype=np.float64, c_dtype=np.complex128, shots=None, analytic=None, readout_prob=None, ): if isinstance(wires, int) and wires > 23: raise ValueError( "This device does not currently support computations on more than 23 wires" ) self.readout_err = readout_prob # Check that the readout error probability, if entered, is either integer or float in [0,1] if self.readout_err is not None: if not isinstance(self.readout_err, float) and not isinstance(self.readout_err, int): raise TypeError( "The readout error probability should be an integer or a floating-point number in [0,1]." ) if self.readout_err < 0 or self.readout_err > 1: raise ValueError("The readout error probability should be in the range [0,1].") # call QubitDevice init super().__init__(wires, shots, r_dtype=r_dtype, c_dtype=c_dtype, analytic=analytic) self._debugger = None # Create the initial state. self._state = self._create_basis_state(0) self._pre_rotated_state = self._state self.measured_wires = [] """List: during execution, stores the list of wires on which measurements are acted for applying the readout error to them when readout_prob is non-zero.""" def _create_basis_state(self, index): """Return the density matrix representing a computational basis state over all wires. Args: index (int): integer representing the computational basis state. Returns: array[complex]: complex array of shape ``[2] * (2 * num_wires)`` representing the density matrix of the basis state. """ rho = qnp.zeros((2**self.num_wires, 2**self.num_wires), dtype=self.C_DTYPE) rho[index, index] = 1 return qnp.reshape(rho, [2] * (2 * self.num_wires))
[docs] @classmethod def capabilities(cls): capabilities = super().capabilities().copy() capabilities.update( returns_state=True, passthru_devices={ "autograd": "default.mixed", "tf": "default.mixed", "torch": "default.mixed", "jax": "default.mixed", }, ) return capabilities
@property def state(self): """Returns the state density matrix of the circuit prior to measurement""" dim = 2**self.num_wires # User obtains state as a matrix return qnp.reshape(self._pre_rotated_state, (dim, dim))
[docs] def density_matrix(self, wires): """Returns the reduced density matrix over the given wires. Args: wires (Wires): wires of the reduced system Returns: array[complex]: complex array of shape ``(2 ** len(wires), 2 ** len(wires))`` representing the reduced density matrix of the state prior to measurement. """ state = getattr(self, "state", None) wires = self.map_wires(wires) return qml.math.reduce_dm(state, indices=wires, c_dtype=self.C_DTYPE)
[docs] def purity(self, mp, **kwargs): # pylint: disable=unused-argument """Returns the purity of the final state""" state = getattr(self, "state", None) wires = self.map_wires(mp.wires) return qml.math.purity(state, indices=wires, c_dtype=self.C_DTYPE)
[docs] def reset(self): """Resets the device""" super().reset() self._state = self._create_basis_state(0) self._pre_rotated_state = self._state
[docs] def analytic_probability(self, wires=None): if self._state is None: return None # convert rho from tensor to matrix rho = qnp.reshape(self._state, (2**self.num_wires, 2**self.num_wires)) # probs are diagonal elements probs = self.marginal_prob(qnp.diagonal(rho), wires) # take the real part so probabilities are not shown as complex numbers probs = qnp.real(probs) return qnp.where(probs < 0, -probs, probs)
def _get_kraus(self, operation): # pylint: disable=no-self-use """Return the Kraus operators representing the operation. Args: operation (.Operation): a PennyLane operation Returns: list[array[complex]]: Returns a list of 2D matrices representing the Kraus operators. If the operation is unitary, returns a single Kraus operator. In the case of a diagonal unitary, returns a 1D array representing the matrix diagonal. """ if operation in diagonal_in_z_basis: return operation.eigvals() if isinstance(operation, Channel): return operation.kraus_matrices() return [operation.matrix()] def _apply_channel(self, kraus, wires): r"""Apply a quantum channel specified by a list of Kraus operators to subsystems of the quantum state. For a unitary gate, there is a single Kraus operator. Args: kraus (list[array]): Kraus operators wires (Wires): target wires """ channel_wires = self.map_wires(wires) rho_dim = 2 * self.num_wires num_ch_wires = len(channel_wires) # Computes K^\dagger, needed for the transformation K \rho K^\dagger kraus_dagger = [qnp.conj(qnp.transpose(k)) for k in kraus] kraus = qnp.stack(kraus) kraus_dagger = qnp.stack(kraus_dagger) # Shape kraus operators kraus_shape = [len(kraus)] + [2] * num_ch_wires * 2 kraus = qnp.cast(qnp.reshape(kraus, kraus_shape), dtype=self.C_DTYPE) kraus_dagger = qnp.cast(qnp.reshape(kraus_dagger, kraus_shape), dtype=self.C_DTYPE) # Tensor indices of the state. For each qubit, need an index for rows *and* columns state_indices = ABC[:rho_dim] # row indices of the quantum state affected by this operation row_wires_list = channel_wires.tolist() row_indices = "".join(ABC_ARRAY[row_wires_list].tolist()) # column indices are shifted by the number of wires col_wires_list = [w + self.num_wires for w in row_wires_list] col_indices = "".join(ABC_ARRAY[col_wires_list].tolist()) # indices in einsum must be replaced with new ones new_row_indices = ABC[rho_dim : rho_dim + num_ch_wires] new_col_indices = ABC[rho_dim + num_ch_wires : rho_dim + 2 * num_ch_wires] # index for summation over Kraus operators kraus_index = ABC[rho_dim + 2 * num_ch_wires : rho_dim + 2 * num_ch_wires + 1] # new state indices replace row and column indices with new ones new_state_indices = functools.reduce( lambda old_string, idx_pair: old_string.replace(idx_pair[0], idx_pair[1]), zip(col_indices + row_indices, new_col_indices + new_row_indices), state_indices, ) # index mapping for einsum, e.g., 'iga,abcdef,idh->gbchef' einsum_indices = ( f"{kraus_index}{new_row_indices}{row_indices}, {state_indices}," f"{kraus_index}{col_indices}{new_col_indices}->{new_state_indices}" ) self._state = qnp.einsum(einsum_indices, kraus, self._state, kraus_dagger) def _apply_channel_tensordot(self, kraus, wires): r"""Apply a quantum channel specified by a list of Kraus operators to subsystems of the quantum state. For a unitary gate, there is a single Kraus operator. Args: kraus (list[array]): Kraus operators wires (Wires): target wires """ channel_wires = self.map_wires(wires) num_ch_wires = len(channel_wires) # Shape kraus operators and cast them to complex data type kraus_shape = [2] * (num_ch_wires * 2) kraus = [qnp.cast(qnp.reshape(k, kraus_shape), dtype=self.C_DTYPE) for k in kraus] # row indices of the quantum state affected by this operation row_wires_list = channel_wires.tolist() # column indices are shifted by the number of wires col_wires_list = [w + self.num_wires for w in row_wires_list] channel_col_ids = list(range(num_ch_wires, 2 * num_ch_wires)) axes_left = [channel_col_ids, row_wires_list] # Use column indices instead or rows to incorporate transposition of K^\dagger axes_right = [col_wires_list, channel_col_ids] # Apply the Kraus operators, and sum over all Kraus operators afterwards def _conjugate_state_with(k): """Perform the double tensor product k @ self._state @ k.conj(). The `axes_left` and `axes_right` arguments are taken from the ambient variable space and `axes_right` is assumed to incorporate the tensor product and the transposition of k.conj() simultaneously.""" return qnp.tensordot(qnp.tensordot(k, self._state, axes_left), qnp.conj(k), axes_right) if len(kraus) == 1: _state = _conjugate_state_with(kraus[0]) else: _state = qnp.sum(qnp.stack([_conjugate_state_with(k) for k in kraus]), axis=0) # Permute the affected axes to their destination places. # The row indices of the kraus operators are moved from the beginning to the original # target row locations, the column indices from the end to the target column locations source_left = list(range(num_ch_wires)) dest_left = row_wires_list source_right = list(range(-num_ch_wires, 0)) dest_right = col_wires_list self._state = qnp.moveaxis(_state, source_left + source_right, dest_left + dest_right) def _apply_diagonal_unitary(self, eigvals, wires): r"""Apply a diagonal unitary gate specified by a list of eigenvalues. This method uses the fact that the unitary is diagonal for a more efficient implementation. Args: eigvals (array): eigenvalues (phases) of the diagonal unitary wires (Wires): target wires """ channel_wires = self.map_wires(wires) eigvals = qnp.stack(eigvals) # reshape vectors eigvals = qnp.cast(qnp.reshape(eigvals, [2] * len(channel_wires)), dtype=self.C_DTYPE) # Tensor indices of the state. For each qubit, need an index for rows *and* columns state_indices = ABC[: 2 * self.num_wires] # row indices of the quantum state affected by this operation row_wires_list = channel_wires.tolist() row_indices = "".join(ABC_ARRAY[row_wires_list].tolist()) # column indices are shifted by the number of wires col_wires_list = [w + self.num_wires for w in row_wires_list] col_indices = "".join(ABC_ARRAY[col_wires_list].tolist()) einsum_indices = f"{row_indices},{state_indices},{col_indices}->{state_indices}" self._state = qnp.einsum(einsum_indices, eigvals, self._state, qnp.conj(eigvals)) def _apply_basis_state(self, state, wires): """Initialize the device in a specified computational basis state. Args: state (array[int]): computational basis state of shape ``(wires,)`` consisting of 0s and 1s. wires (Wires): wires that the provided computational state should be initialized on """ # translate to wire labels used by device device_wires = self.map_wires(wires) # length of basis state parameter n_basis_state = len(state) if not set(state).issubset({0, 1}): raise ValueError("BasisState parameter must consist of 0 or 1 integers.") if n_basis_state != len(device_wires): raise ValueError("BasisState parameter and wires must be of equal length.") # get computational basis state number basis_states = 2 ** (self.num_wires - 1 - device_wires.toarray()) num = int(qnp.dot(state, basis_states)) self._state = self._create_basis_state(num) def _apply_state_vector(self, state, device_wires): """Initialize the internal state in a specified pure state. Args: state (array[complex]): normalized input state of length ``2**len(wires)`` device_wires (Wires): wires that get initialized in the state """ # translate to wire labels used by device device_wires = self.map_wires(device_wires) state = qnp.asarray(state, dtype=self.C_DTYPE) n_state_vector = state.shape[0] if state.ndim != 1 or n_state_vector != 2 ** len(device_wires): raise ValueError("State vector must be of length 2**wires.") if not qnp.allclose(qnp.linalg.norm(state, ord=2), 1.0, atol=tolerance): raise ValueError("Sum of amplitudes-squared does not equal one.") if len(device_wires) == self.num_wires and sorted(device_wires.labels) == list( device_wires.labels ): # Initialize the entire wires with the state rho = qnp.outer(state, qnp.conj(state)) self._state = qnp.reshape(rho, [2] * 2 * self.num_wires) else: # generate basis states on subset of qubits via the cartesian product basis_states = qnp.asarray( list(itertools.product([0, 1], repeat=len(device_wires))), dtype=int ) # get basis states to alter on full set of qubits unravelled_indices = qnp.zeros((2 ** len(device_wires), self.num_wires), dtype=int) unravelled_indices[:, device_wires] = basis_states # get indices for which the state is changed to input state vector elements ravelled_indices = qnp.ravel_multi_index(unravelled_indices.T, [2] * self.num_wires) state = qnp.scatter(ravelled_indices, state, [2**self.num_wires]) rho = qnp.outer(state, qnp.conj(state)) rho = qnp.reshape(rho, [2] * 2 * self.num_wires) self._state = qnp.asarray(rho, dtype=self.C_DTYPE) def _apply_density_matrix(self, state, device_wires): r"""Initialize the internal state in a specified mixed state. If not all the wires are specified in the full state :math:`\rho`, remaining subsystem is filled by `\mathrm{tr}_in(\rho)`, which results in the full system state :math:`\mathrm{tr}_{in}(\rho) \otimes \rho_{in}`, where :math:`\rho_{in}` is the argument `state` of this function and :math:`\mathrm{tr}_{in}` is a partial trace over the subsystem to be replaced by this operation. Args: state (array[complex]): density matrix of length ``(2**len(wires), 2**len(wires))`` device_wires (Wires): wires that get initialized in the state """ # translate to wire labels used by device device_wires = self.map_wires(device_wires) state = qnp.asarray(state, dtype=self.C_DTYPE) state = qnp.reshape(state, (-1,)) state_dim = 2 ** len(device_wires) dm_dim = state_dim**2 if dm_dim != state.shape[0]: raise ValueError("Density matrix must be of length (2**wires, 2**wires)") if not qml.math.is_abstract(state) and not qnp.allclose( qnp.trace(qnp.reshape(state, (state_dim, state_dim))), 1.0, atol=tolerance ): raise ValueError("Trace of density matrix is not equal one.") if len(device_wires) == self.num_wires and sorted(device_wires.labels) == list( device_wires.labels ): # Initialize the entire wires with the state self._state = qnp.reshape(state, [2] * 2 * self.num_wires) self._pre_rotated_state = self._state else: # Initialize tr_in(ρ) ⊗ ρ_in with transposed wires where ρ is the density matrix before this operation. complement_wires = list(sorted(list(set(range(self.num_wires)) - set(device_wires)))) sigma = self.density_matrix(Wires(complement_wires)) rho = qnp.kron(sigma, state.reshape(state_dim, state_dim)) rho = rho.reshape([2] * 2 * self.num_wires) # Construct transposition axis to revert back to the original wire order left_axes = [] right_axes = [] complement_wires_count = len(complement_wires) for i in range(self.num_wires): if i in device_wires: index = device_wires.index(i) left_axes.append(complement_wires_count + index) right_axes.append(complement_wires_count + index + self.num_wires) elif i in complement_wires: index = complement_wires.index(i) left_axes.append(index) right_axes.append(index + self.num_wires) transpose_axes = left_axes + right_axes rho = qnp.transpose(rho, axes=transpose_axes) assert qml.math.is_abstract(rho) or qnp.allclose( qnp.trace(qnp.reshape(rho, (2**self.num_wires, 2**self.num_wires))), 1.0, atol=tolerance, ) self._state = qnp.asarray(rho, dtype=self.C_DTYPE) self._pre_rotated_state = self._state def _apply_operation(self, operation): """Applies operations to the internal device state. Args: operation (.Operation): operation to apply on the device """ wires = operation.wires if operation.name == "Identity": return if isinstance(operation, StatePrep): self._apply_state_vector(operation.parameters[0], wires) return if isinstance(operation, BasisState): self._apply_basis_state(operation.parameters[0], wires) return if isinstance(operation, QubitDensityMatrix): self._apply_density_matrix(operation.parameters[0], wires) return if isinstance(operation, Snapshot): if self._debugger and self._debugger.active: dim = 2**self.num_wires density_matrix = qnp.reshape(self._state, (dim, dim)) if operation.tag: self._debugger.snapshots[operation.tag] = density_matrix else: self._debugger.snapshots[len(self._debugger.snapshots)] = density_matrix return matrices = self._get_kraus(operation) if operation in diagonal_in_z_basis: self._apply_diagonal_unitary(matrices, wires) else: num_op_wires = len(wires) interface = qml.math.get_interface(self._state, *matrices) # Use tensordot for Autograd and Numpy if there are more than 2 wires # Use tensordot in any case for more than 7 wires, as einsum does not support this case if (num_op_wires > 2 and interface in {"autograd", "numpy"}) or num_op_wires > 7: self._apply_channel_tensordot(matrices, wires) else: self._apply_channel(matrices, wires) # pylint: disable=arguments-differ
[docs] def execute(self, circuit, **kwargs): """Execute a queue of quantum operations on the device and then measure the given observables. Applies a readout error to the measurement outcomes of any observable if readout_prob is non-zero. This is done by finding the list of measured wires on which BitFlip channels are applied in the :meth:`apply`. For plugin developers: instead of overwriting this, consider implementing a suitable subset of * :meth:`apply` * :meth:`~.generate_samples` * :meth:`~.probability` Additional keyword arguments may be passed to this method that can be utilised by :meth:`apply`. An example would be passing the ``QNode`` hash that can be used later for parametric compilation. Args: circuit (QuantumTape): circuit to execute on the device Raises: QuantumFunctionError: if the value of :attr:`~.Observable.return_type` is not supported Returns: array[float]: measured value(s) """ if self.readout_err: wires_list = [] for m in circuit.measurements: if isinstance(m, StateMP): # State: This returns pre-rotated state, so no readout error. # Assumed to only be allowed if it's the only measurement. self.measured_wires = [] return super().execute(circuit, **kwargs) if isinstance(m, (SampleMP, CountsMP)) and m.wires in ( qml.wires.Wires([]), self.wires, ): # Sample, Counts: Readout error applied to all device wires when wires # not specified or all wires specified. self.measured_wires = self.wires return super().execute(circuit, **kwargs) if isinstance(m, (VnEntropyMP, MutualInfoMP)): # VnEntropy, MutualInfo: Computed for the state prior to measurement. So, readout # error need not be applied on the corresponding device wires. continue wires_list.append(m.wires) self.measured_wires = qml.wires.Wires.all_wires(wires_list) return super().execute(circuit, **kwargs)
[docs] def apply(self, operations, rotations=None, **kwargs): rotations = rotations or [] # apply the circuit operations for i, operation in enumerate(operations): if i > 0 and isinstance(operation, (StatePrep, BasisState)): raise DeviceError( f"Operation {operation.name} cannot be used after other Operations have already been applied " f"on a {self.short_name} device." ) for operation in operations: self._apply_operation(operation) # store the pre-rotated state self._pre_rotated_state = self._state # apply the circuit rotations for operation in rotations: self._apply_operation(operation) if self.readout_err: for k in self.measured_wires: bit_flip = qml.BitFlip(self.readout_err, wires=k) self._apply_operation(bit_flip)