Source code for pennylane.io

# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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"""
This module contains functions to load circuits from other frameworks as
PennyLane templates.
"""
from collections import defaultdict
from importlib import metadata
from sys import version_info

# Error message to show when the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin is required but missing.
_MISSING_QISKIT_PLUGIN_MESSAGE = (
    "Conversion from Qiskit requires the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin. "
    "You can install the plugin by running: pip install pennylane-qiskit. "
    "You may need to restart your kernel or environment after installation. "
    "If you have any difficulties, you can reach out on the PennyLane forum at "
    "https://discuss.pennylane.ai/c/pennylane-plugins/pennylane-qiskit/"
)

# get list of installed plugin converters
__plugin_devices = (
    defaultdict(tuple, metadata.entry_points())["pennylane.io"]
    if version_info[:2] == (3, 9)
    else metadata.entry_points(group="pennylane.io")  # pylint:disable=unexpected-keyword-arg
)
plugin_converters = {entry.name: entry for entry in __plugin_devices}


[docs]def from_qiskit(quantum_circuit, measurements=None): r"""Converts a Qiskit `QuantumCircuit <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit>`_ into a PennyLane :ref:`quantum function <intro_vcirc_qfunc>`. .. note:: This function depends upon the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin. Follow the `installation instructions <https://docs.pennylane.ai/projects/qiskit/en/latest/installation.html>`__ to get up and running. You may need to restart your kernel if you are running in a notebook environment. Args: quantum_circuit (qiskit.QuantumCircuit): a quantum circuit created in Qiskit measurements (None | MeasurementProcess | list[MeasurementProcess]): an optional PennyLane measurement or list of PennyLane measurements that overrides any terminal measurements that may be present in the input circuit Returns: function: The PennyLane quantum function, created based on the input Qiskit ``QuantumCircuit`` object. **Example:** .. code-block:: python import pennylane as qml from qiskit import QuantumCircuit qc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2) qc.rx(0.785, 0) qc.ry(1.57, 1) my_qfunc = qml.from_qiskit(qc) The ``my_qfunc`` function can now be used within QNodes, as a two-wire quantum template. We can also pass ``wires`` when calling the returned template to define which wires it should operate on. If no wires are passed, it will default to sequential wire labels starting at 0. .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device("default.qubit") @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(): my_qfunc(wires=["a", "b"]) return qml.expval(qml.Z("a")), qml.var(qml.Z("b")) >>> circuit() (tensor(0.70738827, requires_grad=True), tensor(0.99999937, requires_grad=True)) The measurements can also be passed directly to the function when creating the quantum function, making it possible to create a PennyLane circuit with :class:`qml.QNode <pennylane.QNode>`: >>> measurements = [qml.expval(qml.Z(0)), qml.var(qml.Z(1))] >>> circuit = qml.QNode(qml.from_qiskit(qc, measurements), dev) >>> circuit() (tensor(0.70738827, requires_grad=True), tensor(0.99999937, requires_grad=True)) .. note:: The ``measurements`` keyword allows one to add a list of PennyLane measurements that will **override** any terminal measurements present in the ``QuantumCircuit``, so that they are not performed before the operations specified in ``measurements``. ``measurements=None``. If an existing ``QuantumCircuit`` already contains measurements, ``from_qiskit`` will return those measurements, provided that they are not overriden as shown above. These measurements can be used, e.g., for conditioning with :func:`qml.cond() <~.cond>`, or simply included directly within the QNode's return: .. code-block:: python qc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2) qc.rx(np.pi, 0) qc.measure_all() @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(): # Since measurements=None, the measurements present in the QuantumCircuit are returned. measurements = qml.from_qiskit(qc)() return [qml.expval(m) for m in measurements] >>> circuit() [tensor(1., requires_grad=True), tensor(0., requires_grad=True)] .. note:: The ``measurements`` returned from a ``QuantumCircuit`` are in the computational basis with 0 corresponding to :math:`|0\rangle` and 1 corresponding to :math:`|1 \rangle`. This corresponds to the :math:`|1 \rangle \langle 1|` observable rather than the :math:`Z` Pauli operator. See below for more information regarding how to translate more complex circuits from Qiskit to PennyLane, including handling parametrized Qiskit circuits, mid-circuit measurements, and classical control flows. .. details:: :title: Parametrized Quantum Circuits A Qiskit ``QuantumCircuit`` is parametrized if it contains `Parameter <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.circuit.Parameter>`__ or `ParameterVector <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.circuit.ParameterVector>`__ references that need to be given defined values to evaluate the circuit. These can be passed to the generated quantum function as keyword or positional arguments. If we define a parametrized circuit: .. code-block:: python from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter angle0 = Parameter("x") angle1 = Parameter("y") qc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2) qc.rx(angle0, 0) qc.ry(angle1, 1) qc.cx(1, 0) Then this circuit can be converted into a differentiable circuit in PennyLane and executed: .. code-block:: python import pennylane as qml from pennylane import numpy as np dev = qml.device("default.qubit") qfunc = qml.from_qiskit(qc, measurements=qml.expval(qml.Z(0))) circuit = qml.QNode(qfunc, dev) Now, ``circuit`` has a signature of ``(x, y)``. The parameters are ordered alphabetically. >>> x = np.pi / 4 >>> y = 0 >>> circuit(x, y) tensor(0.70710678, requires_grad=True) >>> qml.grad(circuit, argnum=[0, 1])(np.pi/4, np.pi/6) (array(-0.61237244), array(-0.35355339)) The ``QuantumCircuit`` may also be parametrized with a ``ParameterVector``. These can be similarly converted: .. code-block:: python from qiskit.circuit import ParameterVector angles = ParameterVector("angles", 2) qc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2) qc.rx(angles[0], 0) qc.ry(angles[1], 1) qc.cx(1, 0) @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(angles): qml.from_qiskit(qc)(angles) return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) >>> angles = [3.1, 0.45] >>> circuit(angles) tensor(-0.89966835, requires_grad=True) .. details:: :title: Measurements and Classical Control Flows When ``measurement=None``, all of the measurements performed in the ``QuantumCircuit`` will be returned by the quantum function in the form of a :ref:`mid-circuit measurement <mid_circuit_measurements>`. For example, if we define a ``QuantumCircuit`` with measurements: .. code-block:: python import pennylane as qml from qiskit import QuantumCircuit qc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2) qc.h(0) qc.measure(0, 0) qc.rz(0.24, [0]) qc.cx(0, 1) qc.measure_all() Then we can create a PennyLane circuit that uses this as a sub-circuit, and performs additional operations conditional on the results. We can also calculate standard mid-circuit measurement statistics, like expectation value, on the returned measurements: .. code-block:: python @qml.qnode(qml.device("default.qubit")) def circuit(): # apply the QuantumCircuit and retrieve the measurements mid_measure0, m0, m1 = qml.from_qiskit(qc)() # conditionally apply an additional operation based on the results qml.cond(mid_measure0==0, qml.RX)(np.pi/2, 0) # return the expectation value of one of the mid-circuit measurements, and a terminal measurement return qml.expval(mid_measure0), qml.expval(m1) >>> circuit() (tensor(0.5, requires_grad=True), tensor(0.5, requires_grad=True)) .. note:: The order of mid-circuit measurements returned by `qml.from_qiskit()` in the example above is determined by the order in which measurements appear in the input Qiskit ``QuantumCircuit``. Furthermore, the Qiskit `IfElseOp <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.circuit.IfElseOp>`__, `SwitchCaseOp <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.circuit.SwitchCaseOp>`__ and `c_if <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.circuit.Instruction#c_if>`__ conditional workflows are automatically translated into their PennyLane counterparts during conversion. For example, if we construct a ``QuantumCircuit`` with these workflows: .. code-block:: python qc = QuantumCircuit(4, 1) qc.h(0) qc.measure(0, 0) # Use an `IfElseOp` operation. noop = QuantumCircuit(1) flip_x = QuantumCircuit(1) flip_x.x(0) qc.if_else((qc.clbits[0], True), flip_x, noop, [1], []) # Use a `SwitchCaseOp` operation. with qc.switch(qc.clbits[0]) as case: with case(0): qc.y(2) # Use the `c_if()` function. qc.z(3).c_if(qc.clbits[0], True) qc.measure_all() We can convert the ``QuantumCircuit`` into a PennyLane quantum function using: .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device("default.qubit") measurements = [qml.expval(qml.Z(i)) for i in range(qc.num_qubits)] cond_circuit = qml.QNode(qml.from_qiskit(qc, measurements=measurements), dev) The result is: >>> print(qml.draw(cond_circuit)()) 0: ──H──┤↗├──────────╭||─┤ <Z> 1: ──────║───X───────├||─┤ <Z> 2: ──────║───║──Y────├||─┤ <Z> 3: ──────║───║──║──Z─╰||─┤ <Z> ╚═══╩══╩══╝ """ try: plugin_converter = plugin_converters["qiskit"].load() return plugin_converter(quantum_circuit, measurements=measurements) except KeyError as e: raise RuntimeError(_MISSING_QISKIT_PLUGIN_MESSAGE) from e
[docs]def from_qiskit_op(qiskit_op, params=None, wires=None): """Converts a Qiskit `SparsePauliOp <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp>`__ into a PennyLane :class:`Operator <pennylane.operation.Operator>`. .. note:: This function depends upon the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin. Follow the `installation instructions <https://docs.pennylane.ai/projects/qiskit/en/latest/installation.html>`__ to get up and running. You may need to restart your kernel if you are running in a notebook environment. Args: qiskit_op (qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp): a ``SparsePauliOp`` created in Qiskit params (Any): optional assignment of coefficient values for the ``SparsePauliOp``; see the `Qiskit documentation <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.quantum_info.SparsePauliOp#assign_parameters>`_ to learn more about the expected format of these parameters wires (Sequence | None): optional assignment of wires for the converted ``SparsePauliOp``; if the original ``SparsePauliOp`` acted on :math:`N` qubits, then this must be a sequence of length :math:`N` Returns: Operator: The PennyLane operator, created based on the input Qiskit ``SparsePauliOp`` object. .. note:: The wire ordering convention differs between PennyLane and Qiskit: PennyLane wires are enumerated from left to right, while the Qiskit convention is to enumerate from right to left. This means a ``SparsePauliOp`` term defined by the string ``"XYZ"`` applies ``Z`` on wire 0, ``Y`` on wire 1, and ``X`` on wire 2. For more details, see the `String representation <https://docs.quantum.ibm.com/api/qiskit/qiskit.quantum_info.Pauli>`_ section of the Qiskit documentation for the ``Pauli`` class. **Example** Consider the following script which creates a Qiskit ``SparsePauliOp``: .. code-block:: python from qiskit.quantum_info import SparsePauliOp qiskit_op = SparsePauliOp(["II", "XY"]) The ``SparsePauliOp`` contains two terms and acts over two qubits: >>> qiskit_op SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XY'], coeffs=[1.+0.j, 1.+0.j]) To convert the ``SparsePauliOp`` into a PennyLane :class:`pennylane.operation.Operator`, use: >>> import pennylane as qml >>> qml.from_qiskit_op(qiskit_op) I(0) + X(1) @ Y(0) .. details:: :title: Usage Details You can convert a parametrized ``SparsePauliOp`` into a PennyLane operator by assigning literal values to each coefficient parameter. For example, the script .. code-block:: python import numpy as np from qiskit.circuit import Parameter a, b, c = [Parameter(var) for var in "abc"] param_qiskit_op = SparsePauliOp(["II", "XZ", "YX"], coeffs=np.array([a, b, c])) defines a ``SparsePauliOp`` with three coefficients (parameters): >>> param_qiskit_op SparsePauliOp(['II', 'XZ', 'YX'], coeffs=[ParameterExpression(1.0*a), ParameterExpression(1.0*b), ParameterExpression(1.0*c)]) The ``SparsePauliOp`` can be converted into a PennyLane operator by calling the conversion function and specifying the value of each parameter using the ``params`` argument: >>> qml.from_qiskit_op(param_qiskit_op, params={a: 2, b: 3, c: 4}) ( (2+0j) * I(0) + (3+0j) * (X(1) @ Z(0)) + (4+0j) * (Y(1) @ X(0)) ) Similarly, a custom wire mapping can be applied to a ``SparsePauliOp`` as follows: >>> wired_qiskit_op = SparsePauliOp("XYZ") >>> wired_qiskit_op SparsePauliOp(['XYZ'], coeffs=[1.+0.j]) >>> qml.from_qiskit_op(wired_qiskit_op, wires=[3, 5, 7]) Y(5) @ Z(3) @ X(7) """ try: plugin_converter = plugin_converters["qiskit_op"].load() return plugin_converter(qiskit_op, params=params, wires=wires) except KeyError as e: raise RuntimeError(_MISSING_QISKIT_PLUGIN_MESSAGE) from e
[docs]def from_qiskit_noise(noise_model, verbose=False, decimal_places=None): """Converts a Qiskit `NoiseModel <https://qiskit.github.io/qiskit-aer/stubs/qiskit_aer.noise.NoiseModel.html>`__ into a PennyLane :class:`~.NoiseModel`. Args: noise_model (qiskit_aer.noise.NoiseModel): a Qiskit ``NoiseModel`` instance. verbose (bool): when printing a ``NoiseModel``, a complete list of Kraus matrices for each ``qml.QubitChannel`` is displayed with ``verbose=True``. By default, ``verbose=False`` and only the number of Kraus matrices and the number of qubits they act on is displayed for brevity. decimal_places (int | None): number of decimal places to round the elements of Kraus matrices when they are being displayed for each ``qml.QubitChannel`` when ``verbose=True``. Returns: qml.NoiseModel: The PennyLane noise model converted from the input Qiskit ``NoiseModel`` object. Raises: ValueError: When a quantum error present in the noise model cannot be converted. .. note:: - This function depends upon the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin, which can be installed following these `installation instructions <https://docs.pennylane.ai/projects/qiskit/en/latest/installation.html>`__. You may need to restart your kernel if you are running it in a notebook environment. - Each quantum error present in the qiskit noise model is converted into an equivalent :class:`~.QubitChannel` operator with the same canonical Kraus representation. - Currently, PennyLane noise models do not support readout errors, so those will be skipped during conversion. **Example** Consider the following noise model constructed in Qiskit: >>> import qiskit_aer.noise as noise >>> error_1 = noise.depolarizing_error(0.001, 1) # 1-qubit noise >>> error_2 = noise.depolarizing_error(0.01, 2) # 2-qubit noise >>> noise_model = noise.NoiseModel() >>> noise_model.add_all_qubit_quantum_error(error_1, ['rz', 'ry']) >>> noise_model.add_all_qubit_quantum_error(error_2, ['cx']) This noise model can be converted into PennyLane using: >>> import pennylane as qml >>> qml.from_qiskit_noise(noise_model) NoiseModel({ OpIn(['RZ', 'RY']): QubitChannel(num_kraus=4, num_wires=1) OpIn(['CNOT']): QubitChannel(num_kraus=16, num_wires=2) }) """ try: plugin_converter = plugin_converters["qiskit_noise"].load() return plugin_converter(noise_model, verbose=verbose, decimal_places=decimal_places) except KeyError as e: raise RuntimeError(_MISSING_QISKIT_PLUGIN_MESSAGE) from e
[docs]def from_qasm(quantum_circuit: str, measurements=None): r""" Loads quantum circuits from a QASM string using the converter in the PennyLane-Qiskit plugin. Args: quantum_circuit (str): a QASM string containing a valid quantum circuit measurements (None | MeasurementProcess | list[MeasurementProcess]): an optional PennyLane measurement or list of PennyLane measurements that overrides the terminal measurements that may be present in the input circuit. Defaults to ``None``, such that all existing measurements in the input circuit are returned. See *Removing terminal measurements* for details. Returns: function: the PennyLane quantum function created based on the QASM string. This function itself returns the mid-circuit measurements plus the terminal measurements by default (``measurements=None``), and returns **only** the measurements from the ``measurements`` argument otherwise. **Example:** .. code-block:: python qasm_code = 'OPENQASM 2.0;' \ 'include "qelib1.inc";' \ 'qreg q[2];' \ 'creg c[2];' \ 'h q[0];' \ 'measure q[0] -> c[0];' \ 'rz(0.24) q[0];' \ 'cx q[0], q[1];' \ 'measure q -> c;' loaded_circuit = qml.from_qasm(qasm_code) >>> print(qml.draw(loaded_circuit)()) 0: ──H──┤↗├──RZ(0.24)─╭●──┤↗├─┤ 1: ───────────────────╰X──┤↗├─┤ Calling the quantum function returns a tuple containing the mid-circuit measurements and the terminal measurements. >>> loaded_circuit() (MeasurementValue(wires=[0]), MeasurementValue(wires=[0]), MeasurementValue(wires=[1])) A list of measurements can also be passed directly to ``from_qasm`` using the ``measurements`` argument, making it possible to create a PennyLane circuit with :class:`qml.QNode <pennylane.QNode>`. .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device("default.qubit") measurements = [qml.var(qml.Y(0))] circuit = qml.QNode(qml.from_qasm(qasm_code, measurements = measurements), dev) >>> print(qml.draw(circuit)()) 0: ──H──┤↗├──RZ(0.24)─╭●─┤ Var[Y] 1: ───────────────────╰X─┤ .. details:: :title: Removing terminal measurements To remove all terminal measurements, set ``measurements=[]``. This removes the existing terminal measurements and keeps the mid-circuit measurements. .. code-block:: python loaded_circuit = qml.from_qasm(qasm_code, measurements=[]) >>> print(qml.draw(loaded_circuit)()) 0: ──H──┤↗├──RZ(0.24)─╭●─┤ 1: ───────────────────╰X─┤ Calling the quantum function returns the same empty list that we originally passed in. >>> loaded_circuit() [] Note that mid-circuit measurements are always applied, but are only returned when ``measurements=None``. This can be exemplified by using the ``loaded_circuit`` without the terminal measurements within a ``QNode``. .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device("default.qubit") @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(): loaded_circuit() return qml.expval(qml.Z(1)) >>> print(qml.draw(circuit)()) 0: ──H──┤↗├──RZ(0.24)─╭●─┤ 1: ───────────────────╰X─┤ <Z> .. details:: :title: Using conditional operations We can take advantage of the mid-circuit measurements inside the QASM code by calling the returned function within a :class:`qml.QNode <pennylane.QNode>`. .. code-block:: python loaded_circuit = qml.from_qasm(qasm_code) @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(): mid_measure, *_ = loaded_circuit() qml.cond(mid_measure == 0, qml.RX)(np.pi / 2, 0) return [qml.expval(qml.Z(0))] >>> print(qml.draw(circuit)()) 0: ──H──┤↗├──RZ(0.24)─╭●──┤↗├──RX(1.57)─┤ <Z> 1: ──────║────────────╰X──┤↗├──║────────┤ ╚═════════════════════╝ .. details:: :title: Importing from a QASM file We can also load the contents of a QASM file. .. code-block:: python # save the qasm code in a file import locale from pathlib import Path filename = "circuit.qasm" with Path(filename).open("w", encoding=locale.getpreferredencoding(False)) as f: f.write(qasm_code) with open("circuit.qasm", "r") as f: loaded_circuit = qml.from_qasm(f.read()) The ``loaded_circuit`` function can now be used within a :class:`qml.QNode <pennylane.QNode>` as a two-wire quantum template. .. code-block:: python @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(x): qml.RX(x, wires=1) loaded_circuit(wires=(0, 1)) return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) >>> print(qml.draw(circuit)(1.23)) 0: ──H─────────┤↗├──RZ(0.24)─╭●──┤↗├─┤ <Z> 1: ──RX(1.23)────────────────╰X──┤↗├─┤ """ try: plugin_converter = plugin_converters["qasm"].load() except Exception as e: # pragma: no cover raise RuntimeError( # pragma: no cover "Failed to load the qasm plugin. Please ensure that the pennylane-qiskit package is installed." ) from e return plugin_converter(quantum_circuit, measurements=measurements)
[docs]def from_pyquil(pyquil_program): """Loads pyQuil Program objects by using the converter in the PennyLane-Rigetti plugin. **Example:** >>> program = pyquil.Program() >>> program += pyquil.gates.H(0) >>> program += pyquil.gates.CNOT(0, 1) >>> my_circuit = qml.from_pyquil(program) The ``my_circuit`` template can now be used within QNodes, as a two-wire quantum template. >>> @qml.qnode(dev) >>> def circuit(x): >>> qml.RX(x, wires=1) >>> my_circuit(wires=[1, 0]) >>> return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) Args: pyquil_program (pyquil.Program): a program created in pyQuil Returns: pennylane_forest.ProgramLoader: a ``pennylane_forest.ProgramLoader`` instance that can be used like a PennyLane template and that contains additional inspection properties """ plugin_converter = plugin_converters["pyquil_program"].load() return plugin_converter(pyquil_program)
[docs]def from_quil(quil: str): """Loads quantum circuits from a Quil string using the converter in the PennyLane-Rigetti plugin. **Example:** .. code-block:: python >>> quil_str = 'H 0\\n' ... 'CNOT 0 1' >>> my_circuit = qml.from_quil(quil_str) The ``my_circuit`` template can now be used within QNodes, as a two-wire quantum template. >>> @qml.qnode(dev) >>> def circuit(x): >>> qml.RX(x, wires=1) >>> my_circuit(wires=(1, 0)) >>> return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) Args: quil (str): a Quil string containing a valid quantum circuit Returns: pennylane_forest.ProgramLoader: a ``pennylane_forest.ProgramLoader`` instance that can be used like a PennyLane template and that contains additional inspection properties """ plugin_converter = plugin_converters["quil"].load() return plugin_converter(quil)
[docs]def from_quil_file(quil_filename: str): """Loads quantum circuits from a Quil file using the converter in the PennyLane-Rigetti plugin. **Example:** >>> my_circuit = qml.from_quil_file("teleportation.quil") The ``my_circuit`` template can now be used within QNodes, as a two-wire quantum template. >>> @qml.qnode(dev) >>> def circuit(x): >>> qml.RX(x, wires=1) >>> my_circuit(wires=(1, 0)) >>> return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) Args: quil_filename (str): path to a Quil file containing a valid quantum circuit Returns: pennylane_forest.ProgramLoader: a ``pennylane_forest.ProgramLoader`` instance that can be used like a PennyLane template and that contains additional inspection properties """ plugin_converter = plugin_converters["quil_file"].load() return plugin_converter(quil_filename)