Source code for pennylane.measurements.sample

# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
This module contains the qml.sample measurement.
"""
import functools
import warnings
from typing import Sequence, Tuple, Optional, Union

import pennylane as qml
from pennylane.operation import Operator
from pennylane.wires import Wires

from .measurements import MeasurementShapeError, Sample, SampleMeasurement
from .mid_measure import MeasurementValue


[docs]def sample(op: Optional[Union[Operator, MeasurementValue]] = None, wires=None) -> "SampleMP": r"""Sample from the supplied observable, with the number of shots determined from the ``dev.shots`` attribute of the corresponding device, returning raw samples. If no observable is provided then basis state samples are returned directly from the device. Note that the output shape of this measurement process depends on the shots specified on the device. Args: op (Observable or MeasurementValue): a quantum observable object. To get samples for mid-circuit measurements, ``op`` should be a``MeasurementValue``. wires (Sequence[int] or int or None): the wires we wish to sample from; ONLY set wires if op is ``None`` Returns: SampleMP: Measurement process instance Raises: ValueError: Cannot set wires if an observable is provided The samples are drawn from the eigenvalues :math:`\{\lambda_i\}` of the observable. The probability of drawing eigenvalue :math:`\lambda_i` is given by :math:`p(\lambda_i) = |\langle \xi_i | \psi \rangle|^2`, where :math:`| \xi_i \rangle` is the corresponding basis state from the observable's eigenbasis. .. note:: QNodes that return samples cannot, in general, be differentiated, since the derivative with respect to a sample --- a stochastic process --- is ill-defined. An alternative approach would be to use single-shot expectation values. For example, instead of this: .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device("default.qubit", shots=10) @qml.qnode(dev, diff_method="parameter-shift") def circuit(angle): qml.RX(angle, wires=0) return qml.sample(qml.PauliX(0)) angle = qml.numpy.array(0.1) res = qml.jacobian(circuit)(angle) Consider using :func:`~pennylane.expval` and a sequence of single shots, like this: .. code-block:: python dev = qml.device("default.qubit", shots=[(1, 10)]) @qml.qnode(dev, diff_method="parameter-shift") def circuit(angle): qml.RX(angle, wires=0) return qml.expval(qml.PauliX(0)) def cost(angle): return qml.math.hstack(circuit(angle)) angle = qml.numpy.array(0.1) res = qml.jacobian(cost)(angle) **Example** .. code-block:: python3 dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=2, shots=4) @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(x): qml.RX(x, wires=0) qml.Hadamard(wires=1) qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]) return qml.sample(qml.Y(0)) Executing this QNode: >>> circuit(0.5) array([ 1., 1., 1., -1.]) If no observable is provided, then the raw basis state samples obtained from device are returned (e.g., for a qubit device, samples from the computational device are returned). In this case, ``wires`` can be specified so that sample results only include measurement results of the qubits of interest. .. code-block:: python3 dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=2, shots=4) @qml.qnode(dev) def circuit(x): qml.RX(x, wires=0) qml.Hadamard(wires=1) qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1]) return qml.sample() Executing this QNode: >>> circuit(0.5) array([[0, 1], [0, 0], [1, 1], [0, 0]]) """ if isinstance(op, MeasurementValue): return SampleMP(obs=op) if isinstance(op, Sequence): if not all(isinstance(o, MeasurementValue) and len(o.measurements) == 1 for o in op): raise qml.QuantumFunctionError( "Only sequences of single MeasurementValues can be passed with the op argument. " "MeasurementValues manipulated using arithmetic operators cannot be used when " "collecting statistics for a sequence of mid-circuit measurements." ) return SampleMP(obs=op) if op is not None and not op.is_hermitian: # None type is also allowed for op warnings.warn(f"{op.name} might not be hermitian.") if wires is not None: if op is not None: raise ValueError( "Cannot specify the wires to sample if an observable is " "provided. The wires to sample will be determined directly from the observable." ) wires = Wires(wires) return SampleMP(obs=op, wires=wires)
[docs]class SampleMP(SampleMeasurement): """Measurement process that returns the samples of a given observable. If no observable is provided then basis state samples are returned directly from the device. Please refer to :func:`sample` for detailed documentation. Args: obs (Union[.Operator, .MeasurementValue]): The observable that is to be measured as part of the measurement process. Not all measurement processes require observables (for example ``Probability``); this argument is optional. wires (.Wires): The wires the measurement process applies to. This can only be specified if an observable was not provided. eigvals (array): A flat array representing the eigenvalues of the measurement. This can only be specified if an observable was not provided. id (str): custom label given to a measurement instance, can be useful for some applications where the instance has to be identified """ @property def return_type(self): return Sample @property @functools.lru_cache() def numeric_type(self): # Note: we only assume an integer numeric type if the observable is a # built-in observable with integer eigenvalues or a tensor product thereof if self.obs is None: # Computational basis samples return int int_eigval_obs = {qml.X, qml.Y, qml.Z, qml.Hadamard, qml.Identity} tensor_terms = self.obs.obs if hasattr(self.obs, "obs") else [self.obs] every_term_standard = all(o.__class__ in int_eigval_obs for o in tensor_terms) return int if every_term_standard else float
[docs] def shape(self, device, shots): if not shots: raise MeasurementShapeError( "Shots are required to obtain the shape of the measurement " f"{self.__class__.__name__}." ) len_wires = len(self.wires) if len(self.wires) > 0 else len(device.wires) def _single_int_shape(shot_val, num_wires): # singleton dimensions, whether in shot val or num_wires are squeezed away inner_shape = [] if shot_val != 1: inner_shape.append(shot_val) if num_wires != 1: inner_shape.append(num_wires) return tuple(inner_shape) if not shots.has_partitioned_shots: return _single_int_shape(shots.total_shots, len_wires) shape = [] for s in shots.shot_vector: for _ in range(s.copies): shape.append(_single_int_shape(s.shots, len_wires)) return tuple(shape)
[docs] def process_samples( self, samples: Sequence[complex], wire_order: Wires, shot_range: Tuple[int] = None, bin_size: int = None, ): wire_map = dict(zip(wire_order, range(len(wire_order)))) mapped_wires = [wire_map[w] for w in self.wires] name = self.obs.name if self.obs is not None else None # Select the samples from samples that correspond to ``shot_range`` if provided if shot_range is not None: # Indexing corresponds to: (potential broadcasting, shots, wires). Note that the last # colon (:) is required because shots is the second-to-last axis and the # Ellipsis (...) otherwise would take up broadcasting and shots axes. samples = samples[..., slice(*shot_range), :] if mapped_wires: # if wires are provided, then we only return samples from those wires samples = samples[..., mapped_wires] num_wires = samples.shape[-1] # wires is the last dimension # If we're sampling wires or a list of mid-circuit measurements if self.obs is None and not isinstance(self.mv, MeasurementValue): # if no observable was provided then return the raw samples return samples if bin_size is None else samples.T.reshape(num_wires, bin_size, -1) # If we're sampling observables if str(name) in {"PauliX", "PauliY", "PauliZ", "Hadamard"}: # Process samples for observables with eigenvalues {1, -1} samples = 1 - 2 * qml.math.squeeze(samples, axis=-1) else: # Replace the basis state in the computational basis with the correct eigenvalue. # Extract only the columns of the basis samples required based on ``wires``. powers_of_two = 2 ** qml.math.arange(num_wires)[::-1] indices = samples @ powers_of_two indices = qml.math.array(indices) # Add np.array here for Jax support. try: # This also covers statistics for mid-circuit measurements manipulated using # arithmetic operators samples = self.eigvals()[indices] except qml.operation.EigvalsUndefinedError as e: # if observable has no info on eigenvalues, we cannot return this measurement raise qml.operation.EigvalsUndefinedError( f"Cannot compute samples of {self.obs.name}." ) from e return samples if bin_size is None else samples.reshape((bin_size, -1))