Source code for pennylane.ops.functions.dot
# Copyright 2018-2023 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
This file contains the definition of the dot function, which computes the dot product between
a vector and a list of operators.
"""
from collections import defaultdict
from typing import Sequence, Union, Callable
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane.operation import Operator, Tensor
from pennylane.pulse import ParametrizedHamiltonian
[docs]def dot(
coeffs: Sequence[Union[float, Callable]], ops: Sequence[Operator], pauli=False
) -> Union[Operator, ParametrizedHamiltonian]:
r"""Returns the dot product between the ``coeffs`` vector and the ``ops`` list of operators.
This function returns the following linear combination: :math:`\sum_{k} c_k O_k`, where
:math:`c_k` and :math:`O_k` are the elements inside the ``coeffs`` and ``ops`` arguments, respectively.
Args:
coeffs (Sequence[float, Callable]): sequence containing the coefficients of the linear combination
ops (Sequence[Operator]): sequence containing the operators of the linear combination
pauli (bool, optional): If ``True``, a :class:`~.PauliSentence`
operator is used to represent the linear combination. If False, a :class:`Sum` operator
is returned. Defaults to ``False``.
Raises:
ValueError: if the number of coefficients and operators does not match or if they are empty
Returns:
Operator or ParametrizedHamiltonian: operator describing the linear combination
**Example**
>>> coeffs = np.array([1.1, 2.2])
>>> ops = [qml.PauliX(0), qml.PauliY(0)]
>>> qml.dot(coeffs, ops)
(1.1*(PauliX(wires=[0]))) + (2.2*(PauliY(wires=[0])))
>>> qml.dot(coeffs, ops, pauli=True)
1.1 * X(0)
+ 2.2 * Y(0)
``pauli=True`` can be used to construct a more efficient, simplified version of the operator.
Note that it returns a :class:`~.PauliSentence`, which is not an :class:`~.Operator`. This
specialized representation can be converted to an operator:
>>> qml.dot([1, 2], [qml.PauliX(0), qml.PauliX(0)], pauli=True).operation()
3.0*(PauliX(wires=[0]))
Using ``pauli=True`` and then converting the result to an :class:`~.Operator` is much faster
than using ``pauli=False``, but it only works for pauli words
(see :func:`~.is_pauli_word`).
If any of the parameters listed in ``coeffs`` are callables, the resulting dot product will be a
:class:`~.ParametrizedHamiltonian`:
>>> coeffs = [lambda p, t: p * jnp.sin(t) for _ in range(2)]
>>> ops = [qml.PauliX(0), qml.PauliY(0)]
>>> qml.dot(coeffs, ops)
(<lambda>(params_0, t)*(PauliX(wires=[0])))
+ (<lambda>(params_1, t)*(PauliY(wires=[0])))
"""
if len(coeffs) != len(ops):
raise ValueError("Number of coefficients and operators does not match.")
if len(coeffs) == 0 and len(ops) == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot compute the dot product of an empty sequence.")
if any(callable(c) for c in coeffs):
return ParametrizedHamiltonian(coeffs, ops)
if pauli:
return _pauli_dot(coeffs, ops)
# When casting a Hamiltonian to a Sum, we also cast its inner Tensors to Prods
ops = [qml.prod(*op.obs) if isinstance(op, Tensor) else op for op in ops]
if coeffs[0] != 1 and qml.math.allequal(coeffs[0], coeffs):
# Coefficients have the same value (different to 1)
return qml.s_prod(coeffs[0], ops[0] if len(ops) == 1 else qml.sum(*ops))
abs_coeffs = qml.math.abs(coeffs)
if abs_coeffs[0] != 1 and qml.math.allequal(abs_coeffs[0], abs_coeffs):
# Coefficients have the same absolute value (different to 1)
gcd = abs(coeffs[0])
coeffs = [c / gcd for c in coeffs]
return qml.s_prod(gcd, qml.dot(coeffs, ops))
operands = [op if coeff == 1 else qml.s_prod(coeff, op) for coeff, op in zip(coeffs, ops)]
return operands[0] if len(operands) == 1 else qml.sum(*operands)
def _pauli_dot(coeffs: Sequence[float], ops: Sequence[Operator]):
pauli_words = defaultdict(lambda: 0)
for coeff, op in zip(coeffs, ops):
sentence = qml.pauli.pauli_sentence(op)
for pw in sentence:
pauli_words[pw] += sentence[pw] * coeff
return qml.pauli.PauliSentence(pauli_words)
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