Source code for pennylane.transforms.optimization.cancel_inverses

# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Transform for cancelling adjacent inverse gates in quantum circuits."""
# pylint: disable=too-many-branches
from typing import Sequence, Callable

from pennylane.ops.op_math import Adjoint
from pennylane.wires import Wires
from pennylane.tape import QuantumTape
from pennylane.transforms import transform

from pennylane.ops.qubit.attributes import (
    self_inverses,
    symmetric_over_all_wires,
    symmetric_over_control_wires,
)
from .optimization_utils import find_next_gate


def _ops_equal(op1, op2):
    """Checks if two operators are equal up to class, data, hyperparameters, and wires"""
    return (
        op1.__class__ is op2.__class__
        and (op1.data == op2.data)
        and (op1.hyperparameters == op2.hyperparameters)
        and (op1.wires == op2.wires)
    )


def _are_inverses(op1, op2):
    """Checks if two operators are inverses of each other

    Args:
        op1 (~.Operator)
        op2 (~.Operator)

    Returns:
        Bool
    """
    # op1 is self-inverse and the next gate is also op1
    if op1 in self_inverses and op1.name == op2.name:
        return True

    # op1 is an `Adjoint` class and its base is equal to op2
    if isinstance(op1, Adjoint) and _ops_equal(op1.base, op2):
        return True

    # op2 is an `Adjoint` class and its base is equal to op1
    if isinstance(op2, Adjoint) and _ops_equal(op2.base, op1):
        return True

    return False


[docs]@transform def cancel_inverses(tape: QuantumTape) -> (Sequence[QuantumTape], Callable): """Quantum function transform to remove any operations that are applied next to their (self-)inverses or adjoint. Args: tape (QNode or QuantumTape or Callable): A quantum circuit. Returns: qnode (QNode) or quantum function (Callable) or tuple[List[QuantumTape], function]: The transformed circuit as described in :func:`qml.transform <pennylane.transform>`. **Example** You can apply the cancel inverses transform directly on :class:`~.QNode`. >>> dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=3) .. code-block:: python @cancel_inverses @qml.qnode(device=dev) def circuit(x, y, z): qml.Hadamard(wires=0) qml.Hadamard(wires=1) qml.Hadamard(wires=0) qml.RX(x, wires=2) qml.RY(y, wires=1) qml.X(1) qml.RZ(z, wires=0) qml.RX(y, wires=2) qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 2]) qml.X(1) return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) >>> circuit(0.1, 0.2, 0.3) 0.999999999999999 .. details:: :title: Usage Details You can also apply it on quantum functions: .. code-block:: python def qfunc(x, y, z): qml.Hadamard(wires=0) qml.Hadamard(wires=1) qml.Hadamard(wires=0) qml.RX(x, wires=2) qml.RY(y, wires=1) qml.X(1) qml.RZ(z, wires=0) qml.RX(y, wires=2) qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 2]) qml.X(1) return qml.expval(qml.Z(0)) The circuit before optimization: >>> qnode = qml.QNode(qfunc, dev) >>> print(qml.draw(qnode)(1, 2, 3)) 0: ──H─────────H─────────RZ(3.00)─╭●────┤ <Z> 1: ──H─────────RY(2.00)──X────────│───X─┤ 2: ──RX(1.00)──RX(2.00)───────────╰X────┤ We can see that there are two adjacent Hadamards on the first qubit that should cancel each other out. Similarly, there are two Pauli-X gates on the second qubit that should cancel. We can obtain a simplified circuit by running the ``cancel_inverses`` transform: >>> optimized_qfunc = cancel_inverses(qfunc) >>> optimized_qnode = qml.QNode(optimized_qfunc, dev) >>> print(qml.draw(optimized_qnode)(1, 2, 3)) 0: ──RZ(3.00)───────────╭●─┤ <Z> 1: ──H─────────RY(2.00)─│──┤ 2: ──RX(1.00)──RX(2.00)─╰X─┤ """ # Make a working copy of the list to traverse list_copy = tape.operations.copy() operations = [] while len(list_copy) > 0: current_gate = list_copy[0] list_copy.pop(0) # Find the next gate that acts on at least one of the same wires next_gate_idx = find_next_gate(current_gate.wires, list_copy) # If no such gate is found queue the operation and move on if next_gate_idx is None: operations.append(current_gate) continue # Otherwise, get the next gate next_gate = list_copy[next_gate_idx] # If either of the two flags is true, we can potentially cancel the gates if _are_inverses(current_gate, next_gate): # If the wires are the same, then we can safely remove both if current_gate.wires == next_gate.wires: list_copy.pop(next_gate_idx) continue # If wires are not equal, there are two things that can happen. # 1. There is not full overlap in the wires; we cannot cancel if len(Wires.shared_wires([current_gate.wires, next_gate.wires])) != len( current_gate.wires ): operations.append(current_gate) continue # 2. There is full overlap, but the wires are in a different order. # If the wires are in a different order, gates that are "symmetric" # over all wires (e.g., CZ), can be cancelled. if current_gate in symmetric_over_all_wires: list_copy.pop(next_gate_idx) continue # For other gates, as long as the control wires are the same, we can still # cancel (e.g., the Toffoli gate). if current_gate in symmetric_over_control_wires: # TODO[David Wierichs]: This assumes single-qubit targets of controlled gates if ( len(Wires.shared_wires([current_gate.wires[:-1], next_gate.wires[:-1]])) == len(current_gate.wires) - 1 ): list_copy.pop(next_gate_idx) continue # Apply gate any cases where # - there is no wire symmetry # - the control wire symmetry does not apply because the control wires are not the same # - neither of the flags are_self_inverses and are_inverses are true operations.append(current_gate) continue new_tape = type(tape)(operations, tape.measurements, shots=tape.shots) def null_postprocessing(results): """A postprocesing function returned by a transform that only converts the batch of results into a result for a single ``QuantumTape``. """ return results[0] return [new_tape], null_postprocessing