Source code for pennylane.templates.subroutines.kupccgsd
# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
r"""
Contains the k-UpCCGSD template.
"""
# pylint: disable-msg=too-many-branches,too-many-arguments,protected-access
import copy
import numpy as np
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane.operation import AnyWires, Operation
from pennylane.wires import Wires
def generalized_singles(wires, delta_sz):
r"""Return generalized single excitation terms
.. math::
\hat{T_1} = \sum_{pq} t_{p}^{q} \hat{c}^{\dagger}_{q} \hat{c}_{p}
"""
sz = np.array(
[0.5 if (i % 2 == 0) else -0.5 for i in range(len(wires))]
) # alpha-beta electrons
gen_singles_wires = []
for r in range(len(wires)):
for p in range(len(wires)):
if sz[p] - sz[r] == delta_sz and p != r:
if r < p:
gen_singles_wires.append(wires[r : p + 1])
else:
gen_singles_wires.append(wires[p : r + 1][::-1])
return gen_singles_wires
def generalized_pair_doubles(wires):
r"""Return pair coupled-cluster double excitations
.. math::
\hat{T_2} = \sum_{pq} t_{p_\alpha p_\beta}^{q_\alpha, q_\beta}
\hat{c}^{\dagger}_{q_\alpha} \hat{c}^{\dagger}_{q_\beta} \hat{c}_{p_\beta} \hat{c}_{p_\alpha}
"""
pair_gen_doubles_wires = [
[
wires[r : r + 2],
wires[p : p + 2],
] # wires for [wires[r], wires[r+1], wires[p], wires[p+1]] terms
for r in range(0, len(wires) - 1, 2)
for p in range(0, len(wires) - 1, 2)
if p != r # remove redundant terms
]
return pair_gen_doubles_wires
[docs]class kUpCCGSD(Operation):
r"""Implements the k-Unitary Pair Coupled-Cluster Generalized Singles and Doubles (k-UpCCGSD) ansatz.
The k-UpCCGSD ansatz calls the :func:`~.FermionicSingleExcitation` and :func:`~.FermionicDoubleExcitation`
templates to exponentiate the product of :math:`k` generalized singles and pair coupled-cluster doubles
excitation operators. Here, "generalized" means that the single and double excitation terms do not
distinguish between occupied and unoccupied orbitals. Additionally, the term "pair coupled-cluster"
refers to the fact that the double excitations contain only those two-body excitations that move a
pair of electrons from one spatial orbital to another. This k-UpCCGSD belongs to the family of Unitary
Coupled Cluster (UCC) based ansätze, commonly used to solve quantum chemistry problems on quantum computers.
The k-UpCCGSD unitary, within the first-order Trotter approximation for a given integer :math:`k`, is given by:
.. math::
\hat{U}(\vec{\theta}) =
\prod_{l=1}^{k} \bigg(\prod_{p,r}\exp{\Big\{
\theta_{r}^{p}(\hat{c}^{\dagger}_p\hat{c}_r - \text{H.c.})\Big\}}
\ \prod_{i,j} \Big\{\exp{\theta_{j_\alpha j_\beta}^{i_\alpha i_\beta}
(\hat{c}^{\dagger}_{i_\alpha}\hat{c}^{\dagger}_{i_\beta}
\hat{c}_{j_\alpha}\hat{c}_{j_\beta} - \text{H.c.}) \Big\}}\bigg)
where :math:`\hat{c}` and :math:`\hat{c}^{\dagger}` are the fermionic annihilation and creation operators.
The indices :math:`p, q` run over the spin orbitals and :math:`i, j` run over the spatial orbitals. The
singles and paired doubles amplitudes :math:`\theta_{r}^{p}` and
:math:`\theta_{j_\alpha j_\beta}^{i_\alpha i_\beta}` represent the set of variational parameters.
Args:
weights (tensor_like): Tensor containing the parameters :math:`\theta_{pr}` and :math:`\theta_{pqrs}`
entering the Z rotation in :func:`~.FermionicSingleExcitation` and :func:`~.FermionicDoubleExcitation`.
These parameters are the coupled-cluster amplitudes that need to be optimized for each generalized
single and pair double excitation terms.
wires (Iterable): wires that the template acts on
k (int): Number of times UpCCGSD unitary is repeated.
delta_sz (int): Specifies the selection rule ``sz[p] - sz[r] = delta_sz``
for the spin-projection ``sz`` of the orbitals involved in the generalized single excitations.
``delta_sz`` can take the values :math:`0` and :math:`\pm 1`.
init_state (array[int]): Length ``len(wires)`` occupation-number vector representing the
HF state. ``init_state`` is used to initialize the wires.
.. details::
:title: Usage Details
#. The number of wires has to be equal to the number of
spin-orbitals included in the active space, and should be even.
#. The number of trainable parameters scales linearly with the number of layers as
:math:`2 k n`, where :math:`n` is the total number of
generalized singles and paired doubles excitation terms.
An example of how to use this template is shown below:
.. code-block:: python
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane import numpy as np
# Build the electronic Hamiltonian
symbols = ["H", "H"]
coordinates = np.array([0.0, 0.0, -0.6614, 0.0, 0.0, 0.6614])
H, qubits = qml.qchem.molecular_hamiltonian(symbols, coordinates)
# Define the Hartree-Fock state
electrons = 2
ref_state = qml.qchem.hf_state(electrons, qubits)
# Define the device
dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=qubits)
# Define the ansatz
@qml.qnode(dev)
def ansatz(weights):
qml.kUpCCGSD(weights, wires=[0, 1, 2, 3],
k=1, delta_sz=0, init_state=ref_state)
return qml.expval(H)
# Get the shape of the weights for this template
layers = 1
shape = qml.kUpCCGSD.shape(k=layers,
n_wires=qubits, delta_sz=0)
# Initialize the weight tensors
np.random.seed(24)
weights = np.random.random(size=shape)
# Define the optimizer
opt = qml.GradientDescentOptimizer(stepsize=0.4)
# Store the values of the cost function
energy = [ansatz(weights)]
# Store the values of the circuit weights
angle = [weights]
max_iterations = 100
conv_tol = 1e-06
for n in range(max_iterations):
weights, prev_energy = opt.step_and_cost(ansatz, weights)
energy.append(ansatz(weights))
angle.append(weights)
conv = np.abs(energy[-1] - prev_energy)
if n % 4 == 0:
print(f"Step = {n}, Energy = {energy[-1]:.8f} Ha")
if conv <= conv_tol:
break
print("\n" f"Final value of the ground-state energy = {energy[-1]:.8f} Ha")
print("\n" f"Optimal value of the circuit parameters = {angle[-1]}")
.. code-block:: none
Step = 0, Energy = -1.08949110 Ha
Step = 4, Energy = -1.13370605 Ha
Step = 8, Energy = -1.13581648 Ha
Step = 12, Energy = -1.13613171 Ha
Step = 16, Energy = -1.13618030 Ha
Step = 20, Energy = -1.13618779 Ha
Final value of the ground-state energy = -1.13618779 Ha
Optimal value of the circuit parameters = [[0.97879636 0.46093583 0.98108824
0.45864352 0.65531446 0.44558289]]
**Parameter shape**
The shape of the weights argument can be computed by the static method
:meth:`~.kUpCCGSD.shape` and used when creating randomly
initialised weight tensors:
.. code-block:: python
shape = qml.kUpCCGSD.shape(n_layers=2, n_wires=4)
weights = np.random.random(size=shape)
>>> weights.shape
(2, 6)
"""
num_wires = AnyWires
grad_method = None
def _flatten(self):
# Do not need to flatten s_wires or d_wires because they are derived hyperparameters
hyperparameters = tuple(
(key, self.hyperparameters[key]) for key in ["k", "delta_sz", "init_state"]
)
return self.data, (self.wires, hyperparameters)
def __init__(self, weights, wires, k=1, delta_sz=0, init_state=None, id=None):
if len(wires) < 4:
raise ValueError(f"Requires at least four wires; got {len(wires)} wires.")
if len(wires) % 2:
raise ValueError(f"Requires even number of wires; got {len(wires)} wires.")
if k < 1:
raise ValueError(f"Requires k to be at least 1; got {k}.")
if delta_sz not in [-1, 0, 1]:
raise ValueError(f"Requires delta_sz to be one of ±1 or 0; got {delta_sz}.")
s_wires = generalized_singles(list(wires), delta_sz)
d_wires = generalized_pair_doubles(list(wires))
shape = qml.math.shape(weights)
if shape != (
k,
len(s_wires) + len(d_wires),
):
raise ValueError(
f"Weights tensor must be of shape {(k, len(s_wires) + len(d_wires),)}; got {shape}."
)
init_state = qml.math.toarray(init_state)
if init_state.dtype != np.dtype("int"):
raise ValueError(f"Elements of 'init_state' must be integers; got {init_state.dtype}")
self._hyperparameters = {
"init_state": tuple(init_state),
"s_wires": s_wires,
"d_wires": d_wires,
"k": k,
"delta_sz": delta_sz,
}
super().__init__(weights, wires=wires, id=id)
[docs] def map_wires(self, wire_map: dict):
new_op = copy.deepcopy(self)
new_op._wires = Wires([wire_map.get(wire, wire) for wire in self.wires])
new_op._hyperparameters["s_wires"] = [
[wire_map.get(w, w) for w in wires] for wires in self._hyperparameters["s_wires"]
]
new_op._hyperparameters["d_wires"] = [
[[wire_map.get(w, w) for w in _wires] for _wires in wires]
for wires in self._hyperparameters["d_wires"]
]
return new_op
@property
def num_params(self):
return 1
[docs] @staticmethod
def compute_decomposition(
weights,
wires,
s_wires,
d_wires,
k,
init_state,
delta_sz=None,
): # pylint: disable=arguments-differ, unused-argument
r"""Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.
.. math:: O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n.
.. seealso:: :meth:`~.kUpCCGSD.decomposition`.
Args:
weights (tensor_like): tensor containing the parameters entering the Z rotation
wires (Any or Iterable[Any]): wires that the operator acts on
k (int): number of times UpCCGSD unitary is repeated
s_wires (Iterable[Any]): single excitation wires
d_wires (Iterable[Any]): double excitation wires
init_state (array[int]): Length ``len(wires)`` occupation-number vector representing the
HF state.
Returns:
list[.Operator]: decomposition of the operator
"""
op_list = []
op_list.append(qml.BasisEmbedding(init_state, wires=wires))
for layer in range(k):
for i, (w1, w2) in enumerate(d_wires):
op_list.append(
qml.FermionicDoubleExcitation(
weights[layer][len(s_wires) + i], wires1=w1, wires2=w2
)
)
for j, s_wires_ in enumerate(s_wires):
op_list.append(qml.FermionicSingleExcitation(weights[layer][j], wires=s_wires_))
return op_list
[docs] @staticmethod
def shape(k, n_wires, delta_sz):
r"""Returns the shape of the weight tensor required for this template.
Args:
k (int): Number of layers
n_wires (int): Number of qubits
delta_sz (int): Specifies the selection rules ``sz[p] - sz[r] = delta_sz``
for the spin-projection ``sz`` of the orbitals involved in the single excitations.
``delta_sz`` can take the values :math:`0` and :math:`\pm 1`.
Returns:
tuple[int]: shape
"""
if n_wires < 4:
raise ValueError(
f"This template requires the number of qubits to be greater than four; got 'n_wires' = {n_wires}"
)
if n_wires % 2:
raise ValueError(
f"This template requires an even number of qubits; got 'n_wires' = {n_wires}"
)
s_wires = generalized_singles(range(n_wires), delta_sz)
d_wires = generalized_pair_doubles(range(n_wires))
return k, len(s_wires) + len(d_wires)
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