Source code for pennylane.transforms.optimization.commute_controlled
# Copyright 2018-2021 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Transforms for pushing commuting gates through targets/control qubits."""
from typing import Sequence, Callable
from pennylane.tape import QuantumTape
from pennylane.transforms import transform
from pennylane.wires import Wires
from .optimization_utils import find_next_gate
def _commute_controlled_right(op_list):
"""Push commuting single qubit gates to the right of controlled gates.
Args:
op_list (list[Operation]): The initial list of operations.
Returns:
list[Operation]: The modified list of operations with all single-qubit
gates as far right as possible.
"""
# We will go through the list backwards; whenever we find a single-qubit
# gate, we will extract it and push it through 2-qubit gates as far as
# possible to the right.
current_location = len(op_list) - 1
while current_location >= 0:
current_gate = op_list[current_location]
# We are looking only at the gates that can be pushed through
# controls/targets; these are single-qubit gates with the basis
# property specified.
if current_gate.basis is None or len(current_gate.wires) != 1:
current_location -= 1
continue
# Find the next gate that contains an overlapping wire
next_gate_idx = find_next_gate(current_gate.wires, op_list[current_location + 1 :])
new_location = current_location
# Loop as long as a valid next gate exists
while next_gate_idx is not None:
next_gate = op_list[new_location + next_gate_idx + 1]
# Only go ahead if information is available
if next_gate.basis is None:
break
# If the next gate does not have control_wires defined, it is not
# controlled so we can't push through.
if len(next_gate.control_wires) == 0:
break
shared_controls = Wires.shared_wires(
[Wires(current_gate.wires), next_gate.control_wires]
)
# Case 1: overlap is on the control wires. Only Z-type gates go through
if len(shared_controls) > 0:
if current_gate.basis == "Z":
new_location += next_gate_idx + 1
else:
break
# Case 2: since we know the gates overlap somewhere, and it's a
# single-qubit gate, if it wasn't on a control it's the target.
else:
if current_gate.basis == next_gate.basis:
new_location += next_gate_idx + 1
else:
break
next_gate_idx = find_next_gate(current_gate.wires, op_list[new_location + 1 :])
# After we have gone as far as possible, move the gate to new location
op_list.insert(new_location + 1, current_gate)
op_list.pop(current_location)
current_location -= 1
return op_list
def _commute_controlled_left(op_list):
"""Push commuting single qubit gates to the left of controlled gates.
Args:
op_list (list[Operation]): The initial list of operations.
Returns:
list[Operation]: The modified list of operations with all single-qubit
gates as far left as possible.
"""
# We will go through the list forwards; whenever we find a single-qubit
# gate, we will extract it and push it through 2-qubit gates as far as
# possible back to the left.
current_location = 0
while current_location < len(op_list):
current_gate = op_list[current_location]
if current_gate.basis is None or len(current_gate.wires) != 1:
current_location += 1
continue
# Pass a backwards copy of the list
prev_gate_idx = find_next_gate(current_gate.wires, op_list[:current_location][::-1])
new_location = current_location
while prev_gate_idx is not None:
prev_gate = op_list[new_location - prev_gate_idx - 1]
if prev_gate.basis is None:
break
if len(prev_gate.control_wires) == 0:
break
shared_controls = Wires.shared_wires(
[Wires(current_gate.wires), prev_gate.control_wires]
)
if len(shared_controls) > 0:
if current_gate.basis == "Z":
new_location = new_location - prev_gate_idx - 1
else:
break
else:
if current_gate.basis == prev_gate.basis:
new_location = new_location - prev_gate_idx - 1
else:
break
prev_gate_idx = find_next_gate(current_gate.wires, op_list[:new_location][::-1])
op_list.pop(current_location)
op_list.insert(new_location, current_gate)
current_location += 1
return op_list
[docs]@transform
def commute_controlled(tape: QuantumTape, direction="right") -> (Sequence[QuantumTape], Callable):
"""Quantum transform to move commuting gates past control and target qubits of controlled operations.
Args:
tape (QNode or QuantumTape or Callable): A quantum circuit.
direction (str): The direction in which to move single-qubit gates.
Options are "right" (default), or "left". Single-qubit gates will
be pushed through controlled operations as far as possible in the
specified direction.
Returns:
qnode (QNode) or quantum function (Callable) or tuple[List[QuantumTape], function]: The transformed circuit as described in :func:`qml.transform <pennylane.transform>`.
**Example**
>>> dev = qml.device('default.qubit', wires=3)
You can apply the transform directly on :class:`QNode`:
.. code-block:: python
@partial(commute_controlled, direction="right")
@qml.qnode(device=dev)
def circuit(theta):
qml.CZ(wires=[0, 2])
qml.X(2)
qml.S(wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.Y(1)
qml.CRY(theta, wires=[0, 1])
qml.PhaseShift(theta/2, wires=0)
qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 1, 2])
qml.T(wires=0)
qml.RZ(theta/2, wires=1)
return qml.expval(qml.Z(0))
>>> circuit(0.5)
0.9999999999999999
.. details::
:title: Usage Details
You can also apply it on quantum function.
.. code-block:: python
def qfunc(theta):
qml.CZ(wires=[0, 2])
qml.X(2)
qml.S(wires=0)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.Y(1)
qml.CRY(theta, wires=[0, 1])
qml.PhaseShift(theta/2, wires=0)
qml.Toffoli(wires=[0, 1, 2])
qml.T(wires=0)
qml.RZ(theta/2, wires=1)
return qml.expval(qml.Z(0))
>>> qnode = qml.QNode(qfunc, dev)
>>> print(qml.draw(qnode)(0.5))
0: ─╭●──S─╭●────╭●─────────Rϕ(0.25)─╭●──T────────┤ <Z>
1: ─│─────╰X──Y─╰RY(0.50)───────────├●──RZ(0.25)─┤
2: ─╰Z──X───────────────────────────╰X───────────┤
Diagonal gates on either side of control qubits do not affect the outcome
of controlled gates; thus we can push all the single-qubit gates on the
first qubit together on the right (and fuse them if desired). Similarly, X
gates commute with the target of ``CNOT`` and ``Toffoli`` (and ``PauliY``
with ``CRY``). We can use the transform to push single-qubit gates as
far as possible through the controlled operations:
>>> optimized_qfunc = commute_controlled(qfunc, direction="right")
>>> optimized_qnode = qml.QNode(optimized_qfunc, dev)
>>> print(qml.draw(optimized_qnode)(0.5))
0: ─╭●─╭●─╭●───────────╭●──S─────────Rϕ(0.25)──T─┤ <Z>
1: ─│──╰X─╰RY(0.50)──Y─├●──RZ(0.25)──────────────┤
2: ─╰Z─────────────────╰X──X─────────────────────┤
"""
if direction not in ("left", "right"):
raise ValueError("Direction for commute_controlled must be 'left' or 'right'")
if direction == "right":
op_list = _commute_controlled_right(tape.operations)
else:
op_list = _commute_controlled_left(tape.operations)
new_tape = type(tape)(op_list, tape.measurements, shots=tape.shots)
def null_postprocessing(results):
"""A postprocesing function returned by a transform that only converts the batch of results
into a result for a single ``QuantumTape``.
"""
return results[0]
return [new_tape], null_postprocessing
_modules/pennylane/transforms/optimization/commute_controlled
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