qml.ops.op_math.Prod¶

class Prod(*operands, id=None, _pauli_rep=None)[source]¶

Bases: pennylane.ops.op_math.composite.CompositeOp

Symbolic operator representing the product of operators.

Parameters: *factors (tuple[Operator]) – a tuple of operators which will be multiplied together.
Keyword Arguments: id (str or None) – id for the product operator. Default is None.

See also

prod()

Example

>>> prod_op = Prod(qml.X(0), qml.PauliZ(1))
>>> prod_op
X(0) @ Z(1)
>>> qml.matrix(prod_op, wire_order=prod_op.wires)
array([[ 0,  0,  1,  0],
       [ 0,  0,  0, -1],
       [ 1,  0,  0,  0],
       [ 0, -1,  0,  0]])
>>> prod_op.terms()
([1.0], [Z(1) @ X(0)])

Note

When a Prod operator is applied in a circuit, its factors are applied in the reverse order. (i.e Prod(op1, op2) corresponds to \(\hat{op}_{1}\cdot\hat{op}_{2}\) which indicates first applying \(\hat{op}_{2}\) then \(\hat{op}_{1}\) in the circuit). We can see this in the decomposition of the operator.

>>> op = Prod(qml.X(0), qml.Z(1))
>>> op.decomposition()
[Z(1), X(0)]

Usage Details

The Prod operator represents both matrix composition and tensor products between operators.

>>> prod_op = Prod(qml.RZ(1.23, wires=0), qml.X(0), qml.Z(1))
>>> prod_op.matrix()
array([[ 0.        +0.j        ,  0.        +0.j        ,
         0.81677345-0.57695852j,  0.        +0.j        ],
       [ 0.        +0.j        ,  0.        +0.j        ,
         0.        +0.j        , -0.81677345+0.57695852j],
       [ 0.81677345+0.57695852j,  0.        +0.j        ,
         0.        +0.j        ,  0.        +0.j        ],
       [ 0.        +0.j        , -0.81677345-0.57695852j,
         0.        +0.j        ,  0.        +0.j        ]])

The Prod operation can be used inside a qnode as an operation which, if parametrized, can be differentiated.

dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=3)

@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(theta):
    qml.prod(qml.Z(0), qml.RX(theta, 1))
    return qml.expval(qml.Z(1))

>>> par = np.array(1.23, requires_grad=True)
>>> circuit(par)
tensor(0.33423773, requires_grad=True)
>>> qml.grad(circuit)(par)
tensor(-0.9424888, requires_grad=True)

The Prod operation can also be measured as an observable. If the circuit is parametrized, then we can also differentiate through the product observable.

prod_op = Prod(qml.Z(0), qml.Hadamard(wires=1))
dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=2)

@qml.qnode(dev)
def circuit(weights):
    qml.RX(weights[0], wires=0)
    return qml.expval(prod_op)

>>> weights = np.array([0.1], requires_grad=True)
>>> qml.grad(circuit)(weights)
array([-0.07059289])

Note that the terms() method always simplifies and flattens the operands.

>>> op = qml.ops.Prod(qml.X(0), qml.sum(qml.Y(0), qml.Z(1)))
>>> op.terms()
([1j, 1.0], [Z(0), Z(1) @ X(0)])

Attributes

`arithmetic_depth`	Arithmetic depth of the operator.
`basis`
`batch_size`	Batch size of the operator if it is used with broadcasted parameters.
`coeffs`	Scalar coefficients of the operator when flattened out.
`data`	Create data property
`eigendecomposition`	Return the eigendecomposition of the matrix specified by the operator.
`grad_method`
`has_adjoint`	bool(x) -> bool
`has_decomposition`	bool(x) -> bool
`has_diagonalizing_gates`	bool(x) -> bool
`has_generator`
`has_matrix`	bool(x) -> bool
`has_overlapping_wires`	Boolean expression that indicates if the factors have overlapping wires.
`has_sparse_matrix`	bool(x) -> bool
`hash`	Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.
`hyperparameters`	Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.
`id`	Custom string to label a specific operator instance.
`is_hermitian`	Check if the product operator is hermitian.
`name`	String for the name of the operator.
`ndim_params`	Number of dimensions per trainable parameter of the operator.
`num_params`	Number of trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
`num_wires`	Number of wires the operator acts on.
`obs`	Access the operands of a `Prod` instance
`ops`	Operator terms without scalar coefficients of the operator when flattened out.
`overlapping_ops`	Groups all operands of the composite operator that act on overlapping wires.
`parameters`	Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
`pauli_rep`	A `PauliSentence` representation of the Operator, or `None` if it doesn't have one.
`wires`	Wires that the operator acts on.

arithmetic_depth¶

basis¶

batch_size¶

Batch size of the operator if it is used with broadcasted parameters.

The batch_size is determined based on ndim_params and the provided parameters for the operator. If (some of) the latter have an additional dimension, and this dimension has the same size for all parameters, its size is the batch size of the operator. If no parameter has an additional dimension, the batch size is None.

Returns: Size of the parameter broadcasting dimension if present, else None.
Return type: int or None

coeffs¶

Scalar coefficients of the operator when flattened out.

This is a deprecated attribute, please use terms() instead.

See also

ops, pauli_rep

data¶: Create data property

eigendecomposition¶

Return the eigendecomposition of the matrix specified by the operator.

This method uses pre-stored eigenvalues for standard observables where possible and stores the corresponding eigenvectors from the eigendecomposition.

It transforms the input operator according to the wires specified.

Returns

dictionary containing the eigenvalues and the: eigenvectors of the operator.

Return type

dict[str, array]

grad_method = None¶

has_adjoint¶

has_decomposition¶

has_diagonalizing_gates¶

has_generator = False¶

has_matrix¶

has_overlapping_wires¶: Boolean expression that indicates if the factors have overlapping wires.

has_sparse_matrix¶

hash¶

hyperparameters¶

Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.

Type: dict

id¶: Custom string to label a specific operator instance.

is_hermitian¶

Check if the product operator is hermitian.

Note, this check is not exhaustive. There can be hermitian operators for which this check yields false, which ARE hermitian. So a false result only implies a more explicit check must be performed.

name¶: String for the name of the operator.

ndim_params¶

Number of dimensions per trainable parameter of the operator.

By default, this property returns the numbers of dimensions of the parameters used for the operator creation. If the parameter sizes for an operator subclass are fixed, this property can be overwritten to return the fixed value.

Returns: Number of dimensions for each trainable parameter.
Return type: tuple

num_params¶

num_wires¶: Number of wires the operator acts on.

obs¶: Access the operands of a Prod instance

ops¶

Operator terms without scalar coefficients of the operator when flattened out.

This is a deprecated attribute, please use terms() instead.

See also

coeffs, pauli_rep

overlapping_ops¶

Groups all operands of the composite operator that act on overlapping wires.

Returns: List of lists of operators that act on overlapping wires. All the inner lists commute with each other.
Return type: List[List[Operator]]

parameters¶: Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.

pauli_rep¶: A PauliSentence representation of the Operator, or None if it doesn’t have one.

wires¶

Wires that the operator acts on.

Returns: wires
Return type: Wires

Methods

`adjoint`()	Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.
`compute_decomposition`(*params[, wires])	Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).
`compute_diagonalizing_gates`(*params, wires, ...)	Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).
`compute_eigvals`(params, *hyperparams)	Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).
`compute_matrix`(params, *hyperparams)	Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).
`compute_sparse_matrix`(params, *hyperparams)	Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).
`decomposition`()	Decomposition of the product operator is given by each factor applied in succession.
`diagonalizing_gates`()	Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.
`eigvals`()	Return the eigenvalues of the specified operator.
`generator`()	Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.
`label`([decimals, base_label, cache])	How the composite operator is represented in diagrams and drawings.
`map_wires`(wire_map)	Returns a copy of the current operator with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
`matrix`([wire_order])	Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.
`pow`(z)	A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.
`queue`([context])	Updates each operator's owner to self, this ensures that the operators are not applied to the circuit repeatedly.
`simplify`()	Transforms any nested Prod instance into the form \(\sum c_i O_i\) where \(c_i\) is a scalar coefficient and \(O_i\) is a single PL operator or pure product of single PL operators.
`sparse_matrix`([wire_order])	Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis.
`terms`()	Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.

adjoint()[source]¶

Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.

Adjointed operations are the conjugated and transposed version of the original operation. Adjointed ops are equivalent to the inverted operation for unitary gates.

Returns: The adjointed operation.

static compute_decomposition(*params, wires=None, **hyperparameters)¶

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).

\[O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n.\]

Note

Operations making up the decomposition should be queued within the compute_decomposition method.

See also

decomposition().

Parameters

*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute
wires (Iterable[Any], Wires) – wires that the operator acts on
**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

decomposition of the operator

Return type

list[Operator]

static compute_diagonalizing_gates(*params, wires, **hyperparams)¶

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).

Given the eigendecomposition \(O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger}\) where \(\Sigma\) is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary \(U^{\dagger}\).

The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.

See also

diagonalizing_gates().

Parameters

params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute
wires (Iterable[Any], Wires) – wires that the operator acts on
hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

list of diagonalizing gates

Return type

list[Operator]

static compute_eigvals(*params, **hyperparams)¶

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).

If diagonalizing_gates are specified and implement a unitary \(U^{\dagger}\), the operator can be reconstructed as

\[O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger},\]

where \(\Sigma\) is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.

Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.

Parameters

*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute
**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

eigenvalues

Return type

tensor_like

static compute_matrix(*params, **hyperparams)¶

Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).

The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.

See also

Operator.matrix() and qml.matrix()

Parameters

*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute
**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

matrix representation

Return type

tensor_like

static compute_sparse_matrix(*params, **hyperparams)¶

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).

The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.

See also

sparse_matrix()

Parameters

*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute
**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

sparse matrix representation

Return type

scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix

decomposition()[source]¶

Decomposition of the product operator is given by each factor applied in succession.

Note that the decomposition is the list of factors returned in reversed order. This is to support the intuition that when we write \(\hat{O} = \hat{A} \cdot \hat{B}\) it is implied that \(\hat{B}\) is applied to the state before \(\hat{A}\) in the quantum circuit.

diagonalizing_gates()¶

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.

Given the eigendecomposition \(O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger}\) where \(\Sigma\) is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary \(U^{\dagger}\).

The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.

A DiagGatesUndefinedError is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.

See also

compute_diagonalizing_gates().

Returns: a list of operators
Return type: list[Operator] or None

eigvals()¶

Return the eigenvalues of the specified operator.

This method uses pre-stored eigenvalues for standard observables where possible and stores the corresponding eigenvectors from the eigendecomposition.

Returns: array containing the eigenvalues of the operator
Return type: array

generator()¶

Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.

For example, for operator

\[U(\phi) = e^{i\phi (0.5 Y + Z\otimes X)}\]

we get the generator

>>> U.generator()
  0.5 * Y(0) + Z(0) @ X(1)

The generator may also be provided in the form of a dense or sparse Hamiltonian (using Hamiltonian and SparseHamiltonian respectively).

The default value to return is None, indicating that the operation has no defined generator.

label(decimals=None, base_label=None, cache=None)¶

How the composite operator is represented in diagrams and drawings.

Parameters

decimals (int) – If None, no parameters are included. Else, how to round the parameters. Defaults to None.
base_label (Iterable[str]) – Overwrite the non-parameter component of the label. Must be same length as operands attribute. Defaults to None.
cache (dict) – Dictionary that carries information between label calls in the same drawing. Defaults to None.

Returns

label to use in drawings

Return type

str

Example (using the Sum composite operator)

>>> op = qml.S(0) + qml.X(0) + qml.Rot(1,2,3, wires=[1])
>>> op.label()
'(S+X)+Rot'
>>> op.label(decimals=2, base_label=[["my_s", "my_x"], "inc_rot"])
'(my_s+my_x)+inc_rot\n(1.00,\n2.00,\n3.00)'

map_wires(wire_map)¶

Returns a copy of the current operator with its wires changed according to the given wire map.

Parameters: wire_map (dict) – dictionary containing the old wires as keys and the new wires as values
Returns: new operator
Return type: Operator

matrix(wire_order=None)[source]¶: Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.

pow(z)¶

A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.

Parameters: z (float) – exponent for the operator
Returns: list[Operator]

queue(context=<class 'pennylane.queuing.QueuingManager'>)¶: Updates each operator’s owner to self, this ensures that the operators are not applied to the circuit repeatedly.

simplify()[source]¶: Transforms any nested Prod instance into the form \(\sum c_i O_i\) where \(c_i\) is a scalar coefficient and \(O_i\) is a single PL operator or pure product of single PL operators.

sparse_matrix(wire_order=None)[source]¶

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis.

If wire_order is provided, the numerical representation considers the position of the operator’s wires in the global wire order. Otherwise, the wire order defaults to the operator’s wires.

A SparseMatrixUndefinedError is raised if the sparse matrix representation has not been defined.

See also

compute_sparse_matrix()

Parameters: wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires
Returns: sparse matrix representation
Return type: scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix

terms()[source]¶

Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.

\[O = \sum_i c_i O_i\]

A TermsUndefinedError is raised if no representation by terms is defined.

Returns: list of coefficients \(c_i\) and list of operations \(O_i\)
Return type: tuple[list[tensor_like or float], list[Operation]]

Example

>>> op = X(0) @ (0.5 * X(1) + X(2))
>>> op.terms()
([0.5, 1.0],
 [X(1) @ X(0),
  X(2) @ X(0)])

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