qml.Hamiltonian¶
-
class
Hamiltonian
(coeffs, observables, simplify=False, grouping_type=None, _grouping_indices=None, method='rlf', id=None)[source]¶ Bases:
pennylane.operation.Observable
Operator representing a Hamiltonian.
The Hamiltonian is represented as a linear combination of other operators, e.g., \(\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} c_k O_k\), where the \(c_k\) are trainable parameters.
Warning
As of
v0.36
,qml.Hamiltonian
dispatches toLinearCombination
by default. For further details, see Updated Operators.- Parameters
coeffs (tensor_like) – coefficients of the Hamiltonian expression
observables (Iterable[Observable]) – observables in the Hamiltonian expression, of same length as coeffs
simplify (bool) – Specifies whether the Hamiltonian is simplified upon initialization (like-terms are combined). The default value is False. Use of this argument is deprecated.
grouping_type (str) – If not None, compute and store information on how to group commuting observables upon initialization. This information may be accessed when QNodes containing this Hamiltonian are executed on devices. The string refers to the type of binary relation between Pauli words. Can be
'qwc'
(qubit-wise commuting),'commuting'
, or'anticommuting'
.method (str) – The graph colouring heuristic to use in solving minimum clique cover for grouping, which can be
'lf'
(Largest First) or'rlf'
(Recursive Largest First). Ignored ifgrouping_type=None
.id (str) – name to be assigned to this Hamiltonian instance
Warning
The
simplify
argument is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Instead, you can callqml.simplify
on the constructed operator.Example:
Note
As of
v0.36
,qml.Hamiltonian
dispatches toLinearCombination
by default, so the following examples assume this behaviour.qml.Hamiltonian
takes in a list of coefficients and a list of operators.>>> coeffs = [0.2, -0.543] >>> obs = [qml.X(0) @ qml.Z(1), qml.Z(0) @ qml.Hadamard(2)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs) >>> print(H) 0.2 * (X(0) @ Z(1)) + -0.543 * (Z(0) @ Hadamard(wires=[2]))
The coefficients can be a trainable tensor, for example:
>>> coeffs = tf.Variable([0.2, -0.543], dtype=tf.double) >>> obs = [qml.X(0) @ qml.Z(1), qml.Z(0) @ qml.Hadamard(2)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs) >>> print(H) 0.2 * (X(0) @ Z(1)) + -0.543 * (Z(0) @ Hadamard(wires=[2]))
A
qml.Hamiltonian
stores information on which commuting observables should be measured together in a circuit:>>> obs = [qml.X(0), qml.X(1), qml.Z(0)] >>> coeffs = np.array([1., 2., 3.]) >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs, grouping_type='qwc') >>> H.grouping_indices ((0, 1), (2,))
This attribute can be used to compute groups of coefficients and observables:
>>> grouped_coeffs = [coeffs[list(indices)] for indices in H.grouping_indices] >>> grouped_obs = [[H.ops[i] for i in indices] for indices in H.grouping_indices] >>> grouped_coeffs [array([1., 2.]), array([3.])] >>> grouped_obs [[X(0), X(1)], [Z(0)]]
Devices that evaluate a
qml.Hamiltonian
expectation by splitting it into its local observables can use this information to reduce the number of circuits evaluated.Note that one can compute the
grouping_indices
for an already initializedqml.Hamiltonian
by using thecompute_grouping
method.Old Hamiltonian behaviour
The following code examples show the behaviour of
qml.Hamiltonian
using old operator arithmetic. See Updated Operators for more details. The old behaviour can be reactivated by calling>>> qml.operation.disable_new_opmath()
Alternatively,
qml.ops.Hamiltonian
provides a permanent access point for Hamiltonian behaviour beforev0.36
.>>> coeffs = [0.2, -0.543] >>> obs = [qml.X(0) @ qml.Z(1), qml.Z(0) @ qml.Hadamard(2)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs) >>> print(H) (-0.543) [Z0 H2] + (0.2) [X0 Z1]
The coefficients can be a trainable tensor, for example:
>>> coeffs = tf.Variable([0.2, -0.543], dtype=tf.double) >>> obs = [qml.X(0) @ qml.Z(1), qml.Z(0) @ qml.Hadamard(2)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs) >>> print(H) (-0.543) [Z0 H2] + (0.2) [X0 Z1]
The user can also provide custom observables:
>>> obs_matrix = np.array([[0.5, 1.0j, 0.0, -3j], [-1.0j, -1.1, 0.0, -0.1], [0.0, 0.0, -0.9, 12.0], [3j, -0.1, 12.0, 0.0]]) >>> obs = qml.Hermitian(obs_matrix, wires=[0, 1]) >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian((0.8, ), (obs, )) >>> print(H) (0.8) [Hermitian0,1]
Alternatively, the
molecular_hamiltonian()
function from the Quantum Chemistry module can be used to generate a molecular Hamiltonian.In many cases, Hamiltonians can be constructed using Pythonic arithmetic operations. For example:
>>> qml.Hamiltonian([1.], [qml.X(0)]) + 2 * qml.Z(0) @ qml.Z(1)
is equivalent to the following Hamiltonian:
>>> qml.Hamiltonian([1, 2], [qml.X(0), qml.Z(0) @ qml.Z(1)])
While scalar multiplication requires native python floats or integer types, addition, subtraction, and tensor multiplication of Hamiltonians with Hamiltonians or other observables is possible with tensor-valued coefficients, i.e.,
>>> H1 = qml.Hamiltonian(torch.tensor([1.]), [qml.X(0)]) >>> H2 = qml.Hamiltonian(torch.tensor([2., 3.]), [qml.Y(0), qml.X(1)]) >>> obs3 = [qml.X(0), qml.Y(0), qml.X(1)] >>> H3 = qml.Hamiltonian(torch.tensor([1., 2., 3.]), obs3) >>> H3.compare(H1 + H2) True
A Hamiltonian can store information on which commuting observables should be measured together in a circuit:
>>> obs = [qml.X(0), qml.X(1), qml.Z(0)] >>> coeffs = np.array([1., 2., 3.]) >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs, grouping_type='qwc') >>> H.grouping_indices [[0, 1], [2]]
This attribute can be used to compute groups of coefficients and observables:
>>> grouped_coeffs = [coeffs[indices] for indices in H.grouping_indices] >>> grouped_obs = [[H.ops[i] for i in indices] for indices in H.grouping_indices] >>> grouped_coeffs [tensor([1., 2.], requires_grad=True), tensor([3.], requires_grad=True)] >>> grouped_obs [[qml.X(0), qml.X(1)], [qml.Z(0)]]
Devices that evaluate a Hamiltonian expectation by splitting it into its local observables can use this information to reduce the number of circuits evaluated.
Note that one can compute the
grouping_indices
for an already initialized Hamiltonian by using thecompute_grouping
method.Attributes
Arithmetic depth of the operator.
Return the coefficients defining the Hamiltonian.
Return the grouping indices attribute.
Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.
Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.
Custom string to label a specific operator instance.
All observables must be hermitian
String for the name of the operator.
Number of trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
Number of wires the operator acts on.
Return the operators defining the Hamiltonian.
Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
A
PauliSentence
representation of the Operator, orNone
if it doesn’t have one.The sorted union of wires from all operators.
-
arithmetic_depth
¶ Arithmetic depth of the operator.
-
batch_size
= None¶
-
coeffs
¶ Return the coefficients defining the Hamiltonian.
- Returns
coefficients in the Hamiltonian expression
- Return type
Sequence[float])
-
grad_method
= 'A'¶
-
grouping_indices
¶ Return the grouping indices attribute.
- Returns
indices needed to form groups of commuting observables
- Return type
list[list[int]]
-
has_adjoint
= False¶
-
has_decomposition
= False¶
-
has_diagonalizing_gates
= False¶
-
has_generator
= False¶
-
has_matrix
= False¶
-
hash
¶ Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.
- Type
int
-
hyperparameters
¶ Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.
- Type
dict
-
id
¶ Custom string to label a specific operator instance.
-
is_hermitian
¶ All observables must be hermitian
-
name
¶
-
ndim_params
= None¶
-
num_params
¶ Number of trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
By default, this property returns as many parameters as were used for the operator creation. If the number of parameters for an operator subclass is fixed, this property can be overwritten to return the fixed value.
- Returns
number of parameters
- Return type
int
-
num_wires
: Union[int, pennylane.operation.WiresEnum] = -1¶ Number of wires the operator acts on.
-
ops
¶ Return the operators defining the Hamiltonian.
- Returns
observables in the Hamiltonian expression
- Return type
list[Observable])
-
parameters
¶ Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
-
pauli_rep
¶
Methods
adjoint
()Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.
compare
(other)Determines whether the operator is equivalent to another.
compute_decomposition
(*params[, wires])Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).
compute_diagonalizing_gates
(*params, wires, …)Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).
compute_eigvals
(*params, **hyperparams)Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).
compute_grouping
([grouping_type, method])Compute groups of indices corresponding to commuting observables of this Hamiltonian, and store it in the
grouping_indices
attribute.compute_matrix
(*params, **hyperparams)Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).
compute_sparse_matrix
(*params, **hyperparams)Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).
Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.
Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.
eigvals
()Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis.
expand
()Returns a tape that contains the decomposition of the operator.
Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.
label
([decimals, base_label, cache])A customizable string representation of the operator.
map_wires
(wire_map)Returns a copy of the current hamiltonian with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
matrix
([wire_order])Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.
pow
(z)A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.
queue
([context])Queues a qml.Hamiltonian instance
simplify
()Simplifies the Hamiltonian by combining like-terms.
sparse_matrix
([wire_order])Computes the sparse matrix representation of a Hamiltonian in the computational basis.
terms
()Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.
-
adjoint
()¶ Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.
Adjointed operations are the conjugated and transposed version of the original operation. Adjointed ops are equivalent to the inverted operation for unitary gates.
- Returns
The adjointed operation.
-
compare
(other)[source]¶ Determines whether the operator is equivalent to another.
Currently only supported for
Hamiltonian
,Observable
, orTensor
. Hamiltonians/observables are equivalent if they represent the same operator (their matrix representations are equal), and they are defined on the same wires.Warning
The compare method does not check if the matrix representation of a
Hermitian
observable is equal to an equivalent observable expressed in terms of Pauli matrices, or as a linear combination of Hermitians. To do so would require the matrix form of Hamiltonians and Tensors be calculated, which would drastically increase runtime.- Returns
True if equivalent.
- Return type
(bool)
Examples
>>> H = qml.Hamiltonian( ... [0.5, 0.5], ... [qml.Z(0) @ qml.Y(1), qml.Y(1) @ qml.Z(0) @ qml.Identity("a")] ... ) >>> obs = qml.Z(0) @ qml.Y(1) >>> print(H.compare(obs)) True
>>> H1 = qml.Hamiltonian([1, 1], [qml.X(0), qml.Z(1)]) >>> H2 = qml.Hamiltonian([1, 1], [qml.Z(0), qml.X(1)]) >>> H1.compare(H2) False
>>> ob1 = qml.Hamiltonian([1], [qml.X(0)]) >>> ob2 = qml.Hermitian(np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]]), 0) >>> ob1.compare(ob2) False
-
static
compute_decomposition
(*params, wires=None, **hyperparameters)¶ Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).
\[O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n.\]Note
Operations making up the decomposition should be queued within the
compute_decomposition
method.See also
- Parameters
*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the
parameters
attributewires (Iterable[Any], Wires) – wires that the operator acts on
**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the
hyperparameters
attribute
- Returns
decomposition of the operator
- Return type
list[Operator]
-
static
compute_diagonalizing_gates
(*params, wires, **hyperparams)¶ Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).
Given the eigendecomposition \(O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger}\) where \(\Sigma\) is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary \(U^{\dagger}\).
The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.
See also
- Parameters
params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the
parameters
attributewires (Iterable[Any], Wires) – wires that the operator acts on
hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the
hyperparameters
attribute
- Returns
list of diagonalizing gates
- Return type
list[Operator]
-
static
compute_eigvals
(*params, **hyperparams)¶ Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).
If
diagonalizing_gates
are specified and implement a unitary \(U^{\dagger}\), the operator can be reconstructed as\[O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger},\]where \(\Sigma\) is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.
Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.
See also
- Parameters
*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the
parameters
attribute**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the
hyperparameters
attribute
- Returns
eigenvalues
- Return type
tensor_like
-
compute_grouping
(grouping_type='qwc', method='lf')[source]¶ Compute groups of indices corresponding to commuting observables of this Hamiltonian, and store it in the
grouping_indices
attribute.- Parameters
grouping_type (str) – The type of binary relation between Pauli words used to compute the grouping. Can be
'qwc'
,'commuting'
, or'anticommuting'
.method (str) – The graph colouring heuristic to use in solving minimum clique cover for grouping, which can be
'lf'
(Largest First) or'rlf'
(Recursive Largest First).
-
static
compute_matrix
(*params, **hyperparams)¶ Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).
The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.
See also
- Parameters
*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the
parameters
attribute**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the
hyperparameters
attribute
- Returns
matrix representation
- Return type
tensor_like
-
static
compute_sparse_matrix
(*params, **hyperparams)¶ Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).
The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.
See also
- Parameters
*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the
parameters
attribute**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the
hyperparameters
attribute
- Returns
sparse matrix representation
- Return type
scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix
-
decomposition
()¶ Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.
\[O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n\]A
DecompositionUndefinedError
is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.See also
- Returns
decomposition of the operator
- Return type
list[Operator]
-
diagonalizing_gates
()¶ Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.
Given the eigendecomposition \(O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger}\) where \(\Sigma\) is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary \(U^{\dagger}\).
The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.
A
DiagGatesUndefinedError
is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.See also
- Returns
a list of operators
- Return type
list[Operator] or None
-
eigvals
()¶ Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis.
If
diagonalizing_gates
are specified and implement a unitary \(U^{\dagger}\), the operator can be reconstructed as\[O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger},\]where \(\Sigma\) is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.
Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.
Note
When eigenvalues are not explicitly defined, they are computed automatically from the matrix representation. Currently, this computation is not differentiable.
A
EigvalsUndefinedError
is raised if the eigenvalues have not been defined and cannot be inferred from the matrix representation.See also
- Returns
eigenvalues
- Return type
tensor_like
-
expand
()¶ Returns a tape that contains the decomposition of the operator.
Warning
This function is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.39. The same behaviour can be achieved simply through ‘qml.tape.QuantumScript(self.decomposition())’.
- Returns
quantum tape
- Return type
-
generator
()¶ Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.
For example, for operator
\[U(\phi) = e^{i\phi (0.5 Y + Z\otimes X)}\]we get the generator
>>> U.generator() 0.5 * Y(0) + Z(0) @ X(1)
The generator may also be provided in the form of a dense or sparse Hamiltonian (using
Hermitian
andSparseHamiltonian
respectively).The default value to return is
None
, indicating that the operation has no defined generator.
-
label
(decimals=None, base_label=None, cache=None)[source]¶ A customizable string representation of the operator.
- Parameters
decimals=None (int) – If
None
, no parameters are included. Else, specifies how to round the parameters.base_label=None (str) – overwrite the non-parameter component of the label
cache=None (dict) – dictionary that carries information between label calls in the same drawing
- Returns
label to use in drawings
- Return type
str
Example:
>>> op = qml.RX(1.23456, wires=0) >>> op.label() "RX" >>> op.label(base_label="my_label") "my_label" >>> op = qml.RX(1.23456, wires=0, id="test_data") >>> op.label() "RX("test_data")" >>> op.label(decimals=2) "RX\n(1.23,"test_data")" >>> op.label(base_label="my_label") "my_label("test_data")" >>> op.label(decimals=2, base_label="my_label") "my_label\n(1.23,"test_data")"
If the operation has a matrix-valued parameter and a cache dictionary is provided, unique matrices will be cached in the
'matrices'
key list. The label will contain the index of the matrix in the'matrices'
list.>>> op2 = qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=0) >>> cache = {'matrices': []} >>> op2.label(cache=cache) 'U(M0)' >>> cache['matrices'] [tensor([[1., 0.], [0., 1.]], requires_grad=True)] >>> op3 = qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=(0,1)) >>> op3.label(cache=cache) 'U(M1)' >>> cache['matrices'] [tensor([[1., 0.], [0., 1.]], requires_grad=True), tensor([[1., 0., 0., 0.], [0., 1., 0., 0.], [0., 0., 1., 0.], [0., 0., 0., 1.]], requires_grad=True)]
-
map_wires
(wire_map)[source]¶ Returns a copy of the current hamiltonian with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
- Parameters
wire_map (dict) – dictionary containing the old wires as keys and the new wires as values
- Returns
new hamiltonian
- Return type
-
matrix
(wire_order=None)¶ Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.
If
wire_order
is provided, the numerical representation considers the position of the operator’s wires in the global wire order. Otherwise, the wire order defaults to the operator’s wires.If the matrix depends on trainable parameters, the result will be cast in the same autodifferentiation framework as the parameters.
A
MatrixUndefinedError
is raised if the matrix representation has not been defined.See also
- Parameters
wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires
- Returns
matrix representation
- Return type
tensor_like
-
pow
(z)¶ A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.
- Parameters
z (float) – exponent for the operator
- Returns
list[
Operator
]
-
queue
(context=<class 'pennylane.queuing.QueuingManager'>)[source]¶ Queues a qml.Hamiltonian instance
-
simplify
()[source]¶ Simplifies the Hamiltonian by combining like-terms.
Example
>>> ops = [qml.Y(2), qml.X(0) @ qml.Identity(1), qml.X(0)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian([1, 1, -2], ops) >>> H.simplify() >>> print(H) (-1) [X0] + (1) [Y2]
Warning
Calling this method will reset
grouping_indices
to None, since the observables it refers to are updated.
-
sparse_matrix
(wire_order=None)[source]¶ Computes the sparse matrix representation of a Hamiltonian in the computational basis.
- Parameters
wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires. If not provided, the default order of the wires (self.wires) of the Hamiltonian is used.
- Returns
a sparse matrix in scipy Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) format with dimension \((2^n, 2^n)\), where \(n\) is the number of wires
- Return type
csr_matrix
Example:
>>> coeffs = [1, -0.45] >>> obs = [qml.Z(0) @ qml.Z(1), qml.Y(0) @ qml.Z(1)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, obs) >>> H_sparse = H.sparse_matrix() >>> H_sparse <4x4 sparse matrix of type '<class 'numpy.complex128'>' with 8 stored elements in Compressed Sparse Row format>
The resulting sparse matrix can be either used directly or transformed into a numpy array:
>>> H_sparse.toarray() array([[ 1.+0.j , 0.+0.j , 0.+0.45j, 0.+0.j ], [ 0.+0.j , -1.+0.j , 0.+0.j , 0.-0.45j], [ 0.-0.45j, 0.+0.j , -1.+0.j , 0.+0.j ], [ 0.+0.j , 0.+0.45j, 0.+0.j , 1.+0.j ]])
-
terms
()[source]¶ Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.
\[O = \sum_i c_i O_i\]See also
- Returns
coefficients and operations
- Return type
tuple[Iterable[tensor_like or float], list[Operator]]
Example >>> coeffs = [1., 2.] >>> ops = [qml.X(0), qml.Z(0)] >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian(coeffs, ops)
>>> H.terms() [1., 2.], [qml.X(0), qml.Z(0)]
The coefficients are differentiable and can be stored as tensors: >>> import tensorflow as tf >>> H = qml.Hamiltonian([tf.Variable(1.), tf.Variable(2.)], [qml.X(0), qml.Z(0)]) >>> t = H.terms()
>>> t[0] [<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=1.0>, <tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=2.0>]