qml.Identity¶

class Identity(wires=None, id=None)[source]¶

Bases: pennylane.operation.CVObservable, pennylane.operation.Operation

The Identity operator

The expectation of this observable

\[E[I] = \text{Tr}(I \rho)\]

See also

The equivalent short-form alias I

Parameters

wires (Iterable[Any] or Any) – Wire label(s) that the identity acts on.
id (str) – custom label given to an operator instance, can be useful for some applications where the instance has to be identified.

Corresponds to the trace of the quantum state, which in exact simulators should always be equal to 1.

Attributes

`arithmetic_depth`	Arithmetic depth of the operator.
`basis`	The basis of an operation, or for controlled gates, of the target operation.
`batch_size`	Batch size of the operator if it is used with broadcasted parameters.
`control_wires`	Control wires of the operator.
`ev_order`	Order in (x, p) that a CV observable is a polynomial of.
`grad_method`	Gradient computation method.
`grad_recipe`	Gradient recipe for the parameter-shift method.
`has_adjoint`
`has_decomposition`
`has_diagonalizing_gates`
`has_generator`
`has_matrix`
`hash`	Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.
`hyperparameters`	Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.
`id`	Custom string to label a specific operator instance.
`is_hermitian`	All observables must be hermitian
`name`	String for the name of the operator.
`ndim_params`	Number of dimensions per trainable parameter of the operator.
`num_params`
`num_wires`	Number of wires that the operator acts on.
`parameter_frequencies`	Returns the frequencies for each operator parameter with respect to an expectation value of the form \(\langle \psi \| U(\mathbf{p})^\dagger \hat{O} U(\mathbf{p})\|\psi\rangle\).
`parameters`	Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.
`pauli_rep`	A `PauliSentence` representation of the Operator, or `None` if it doesn’t have one.
`supports_heisenberg`
`wires`	Wires that the operator acts on.

arithmetic_depth¶: Arithmetic depth of the operator.

basis¶

The basis of an operation, or for controlled gates, of the target operation. If not None, should take a value of "X", "Y", or "Z".

For example, X and CNOT have basis = "X", whereas ControlledPhaseShift and RZ have basis = "Z".

Type: str or None

batch_size¶

Batch size of the operator if it is used with broadcasted parameters.

The batch_size is determined based on ndim_params and the provided parameters for the operator. If (some of) the latter have an additional dimension, and this dimension has the same size for all parameters, its size is the batch size of the operator. If no parameter has an additional dimension, the batch size is None.

Returns: Size of the parameter broadcasting dimension if present, else None.
Return type: int or None

control_wires¶

Control wires of the operator.

For operations that are not controlled, this is an empty Wires object of length 0.

Returns: The control wires of the operation.
Return type: Wires

ev_order = 1¶

Order in (x, p) that a CV observable is a polynomial of.

Type: None, int

grad_method = None¶: Gradient computation method.

grad_recipe = None¶

Gradient recipe for the parameter-shift method.

This is a tuple with one nested list per operation parameter. For parameter \(\phi_k\), the nested list contains elements of the form \([c_i, a_i, s_i]\) where \(i\) is the index of the term, resulting in a gradient recipe of

\[\frac{\partial}{\partial\phi_k}f = \sum_{i} c_i f(a_i \phi_k + s_i).\]

If None, the default gradient recipe containing the two terms \([c_0, a_0, s_0]=[1/2, 1, \pi/2]\) and \([c_1, a_1, s_1]=[-1/2, 1, -\pi/2]\) is assumed for every parameter.

Type: tuple(Union(list[list[float]], None)) or None

has_adjoint = True¶

has_decomposition = True¶

has_diagonalizing_gates = True¶

has_generator = False¶

has_matrix = True¶

hash¶

Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.

Type: int

hyperparameters¶

Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.

Type: dict

id¶: Custom string to label a specific operator instance.

is_hermitian¶: All observables must be hermitian

name¶

ndim_params¶

Number of dimensions per trainable parameter of the operator.

By default, this property returns the numbers of dimensions of the parameters used for the operator creation. If the parameter sizes for an operator subclass are fixed, this property can be overwritten to return the fixed value.

Returns: Number of dimensions for each trainable parameter.
Return type: tuple

num_params = 0¶

num_wires: Union[int, pennylane.operation.WiresEnum] = -1¶

Number of wires that the operator acts on.

Type: int

parameter_frequencies¶

Returns the frequencies for each operator parameter with respect to an expectation value of the form \(\langle \psi | U(\mathbf{p})^\dagger \hat{O} U(\mathbf{p})|\psi\rangle\).

These frequencies encode the behaviour of the operator \(U(\mathbf{p})\) on the value of the expectation value as the parameters are modified. For more details, please see the pennylane.fourier module.

Returns: Tuple of frequencies for each parameter. Note that only non-negative frequency values are returned.
Return type: list[tuple[int or float]]

Example

>>> op = qml.CRot(0.4, 0.1, 0.3, wires=[0, 1])
>>> op.parameter_frequencies
[(0.5, 1), (0.5, 1), (0.5, 1)]

For operators that define a generator, the parameter frequencies are directly related to the eigenvalues of the generator:

>>> op = qml.ControlledPhaseShift(0.1, wires=[0, 1])
>>> op.parameter_frequencies
[(1,)]
>>> gen = qml.generator(op, format="observable")
>>> gen_eigvals = qml.eigvals(gen)
>>> qml.gradients.eigvals_to_frequencies(tuple(gen_eigvals))
(1.0,)

For more details on this relationship, see eigvals_to_frequencies().

parameters¶: Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.

pauli_rep¶: A PauliSentence representation of the Operator, or None if it doesn’t have one.

supports_heisenberg = True¶

wires¶

Wires that the operator acts on.

Returns: wires
Return type: Wires

Methods

`adjoint`()	Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.
`compare`(other)	Compares with another `Hamiltonian`, `Tensor`, or `Observable`, to determine if they are equivalent.
`compute_decomposition`(wires[, n_wires])	Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).
`compute_diagonalizing_gates`(wires[, n_wires])	Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).
`compute_eigvals`([n_wires])	Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).
`compute_matrix`([n_wires])	Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).
`compute_sparse_matrix`([n_wires])	Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).
`decomposition`()	Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.
`diagonalizing_gates`()	Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.
`eigvals`()	Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis.
`expand`()	Returns a tape that contains the decomposition of the operator.
`generator`()	Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.
`heisenberg_expand`(U, wire_order)	Expand the given local Heisenberg-picture array into a full-system one.
`heisenberg_obs`(wire_order)	Representation of the observable in the position/momentum operator basis.
`identity_op`(*params)	Alias for matrix representation of the identity operator.
`label`([decimals, base_label, cache])	A customizable string representation of the operator.
`map_wires`(wire_map)	Returns a copy of the current operator with its wires changed according to the given wire map.
`matrix`([wire_order])	Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.
`pow`(z)	A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.
`queue`([context])	Append the operator to the Operator queue.
`simplify`()	Reduce the depth of nested operators to the minimum.
`single_qubit_rot_angles`()	The parameters required to implement a single-qubit gate as an equivalent `Rot` gate, up to a global phase.
`sparse_matrix`([wire_order])	Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis.
`terms`()	Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.

adjoint()[source]¶

Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.

Adjointed operations are the conjugated and transposed version of the original operation. Adjointed ops are equivalent to the inverted operation for unitary gates.

Returns: The adjointed operation.

compare(other)¶

Compares with another Hamiltonian, Tensor, or Observable, to determine if they are equivalent.

Observables/Hamiltonians are equivalent if they represent the same operator (their matrix representations are equal), and they are defined on the same wires.

Warning

The compare method does not check if the matrix representation of a Hermitian observable is equal to an equivalent observable expressed in terms of Pauli matrices. To do so would require the matrix form of Hamiltonians and Tensors be calculated, which would drastically increase runtime.

Returns: True if equivalent.
Return type: (bool)

Examples

>>> ob1 = qml.X(0) @ qml.Identity(1)
>>> ob2 = qml.Hamiltonian([1], [qml.X(0)])
>>> ob1.compare(ob2)
True
>>> ob1 = qml.X(0)
>>> ob2 = qml.Hermitian(np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]]), 0)
>>> ob1.compare(ob2)
False

static compute_decomposition(wires, n_wires=1)[source]¶

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).

\[O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n.\]

See also

decomposition().

Parameters: wires (Any, Wires) – A single wire that the operator acts on.
Returns: decomposition into lower level operations
Return type: list[Operator]

Example:

>>> qml.Identity.compute_decomposition(wires=0)
[]

static compute_diagonalizing_gates(wires, n_wires=1)[source]¶

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).

Given the eigendecomposition \(O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger}\) where \(\Sigma\) is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary \(U^{\dagger}\).

The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.

See also

diagonalizing_gates().

Parameters: wires (Iterable[Any], Wires) – wires that the operator acts on
Returns: list of diagonalizing gates
Return type: list[Operator]

Example

>>> qml.Identity.compute_diagonalizing_gates(wires=[0])
[]

static compute_eigvals(n_wires=1)[source]¶

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).

If diagonalizing_gates are specified and implement a unitary \(U^{\dagger}\), the operator can be reconstructed as

\[O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger},\]

where \(\Sigma\) is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.

Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.

See also

eigvals()

Returns: eigenvalues
Return type: array

Example

>>> print(qml.I.compute_eigvals())
[ 1 1]

static compute_matrix(n_wires=1)[source]¶

Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).

The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.

See also

matrix()

Returns: matrix
Return type: ndarray

Example

>>> print(qml.Identity.compute_matrix())
[[1. 0.]
 [0. 1.]]

static compute_sparse_matrix(n_wires=1)[source]¶

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).

The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.

See also

sparse_matrix()

Parameters

*params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute
**hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

sparse matrix representation

Return type

scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix

decomposition()¶

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.

\[O = O_1 O_2 \dots O_n\]

A DecompositionUndefinedError is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.

See also

compute_decomposition().

Returns: decomposition of the operator
Return type: list[Operator]

diagonalizing_gates()¶

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.

Given the eigendecomposition \(O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger}\) where \(\Sigma\) is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary \(U^{\dagger}\).

The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.

A DiagGatesUndefinedError is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.

See also

compute_diagonalizing_gates().

Returns: a list of operators
Return type: list[Operator] or None

eigvals()¶

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis.

If diagonalizing_gates are specified and implement a unitary \(U^{\dagger}\), the operator can be reconstructed as

\[O = U \Sigma U^{\dagger},\]

where \(\Sigma\) is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.

Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.

Note

When eigenvalues are not explicitly defined, they are computed automatically from the matrix representation. Currently, this computation is not differentiable.

A EigvalsUndefinedError is raised if the eigenvalues have not been defined and cannot be inferred from the matrix representation.

See also

compute_eigvals()

Returns: eigenvalues
Return type: tensor_like

expand()¶

Returns a tape that contains the decomposition of the operator.

Warning

This function is deprecated and will be removed in version 0.39. The same behaviour can be achieved simply through ‘qml.tape.QuantumScript(self.decomposition())’.

Returns: quantum tape
Return type: QuantumTape

generator()¶

Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.

For example, for operator

\[U(\phi) = e^{i\phi (0.5 Y + Z\otimes X)}\]

we get the generator

>>> U.generator()
  0.5 * Y(0) + Z(0) @ X(1)

The generator may also be provided in the form of a dense or sparse Hamiltonian (using Hermitian and SparseHamiltonian respectively).

The default value to return is None, indicating that the operation has no defined generator.

heisenberg_expand(U, wire_order)¶

Expand the given local Heisenberg-picture array into a full-system one.

Parameters

U (array[float]) – array to expand (expected to be of the dimension 1+2*self.num_wires)
wire_order (Wires) – global wire order defining which subspace the operator acts on

Raises

ValueError – if the size of the input matrix is invalid or num_wires is incorrect

Returns

expanded array, dimension 1+2*num_wires

Return type

array[float]

heisenberg_obs(wire_order)¶

Representation of the observable in the position/momentum operator basis.

Returns the expansion \(q\) of the observable, \(Q\), in the basis \(\mathbf{r} = (\I, \x_0, \p_0, \x_1, \p_1, \ldots)\).

For first-order observables returns a real vector such that \(Q = \sum_i q_i \mathbf{r}_i\).
For second-order observables returns a real symmetric matrix such that \(Q = \sum_{ij} q_{ij} \mathbf{r}_i \mathbf{r}_j\).

Parameters: wire_order (Wires) – global wire order defining which subspace the operator acts on
Returns: \(q\)
Return type: array[float]

static identity_op(*params)[source]¶: Alias for matrix representation of the identity operator.

label(decimals=None, base_label=None, cache=None)[source]¶

A customizable string representation of the operator.

Parameters

decimals=None (int) – If None, no parameters are included. Else, specifies how to round the parameters.
base_label=None (str) – overwrite the non-parameter component of the label
cache=None (dict) – dictionary that carries information between label calls in the same drawing

Returns

label to use in drawings

Return type

str

Example:

>>> op = qml.RX(1.23456, wires=0)
>>> op.label()
"RX"
>>> op.label(base_label="my_label")
"my_label"
>>> op = qml.RX(1.23456, wires=0, id="test_data")
>>> op.label()
"RX("test_data")"
>>> op.label(decimals=2)
"RX\n(1.23,"test_data")"
>>> op.label(base_label="my_label")
"my_label("test_data")"
>>> op.label(decimals=2, base_label="my_label")
"my_label\n(1.23,"test_data")"

If the operation has a matrix-valued parameter and a cache dictionary is provided, unique matrices will be cached in the 'matrices' key list. The label will contain the index of the matrix in the 'matrices' list.

>>> op2 = qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=0)
>>> cache = {'matrices': []}
>>> op2.label(cache=cache)
'U(M0)'
>>> cache['matrices']
[tensor([[1., 0.],
 [0., 1.]], requires_grad=True)]
>>> op3 = qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=(0,1))
>>> op3.label(cache=cache)
'U(M1)'
>>> cache['matrices']
[tensor([[1., 0.],
        [0., 1.]], requires_grad=True),
tensor([[1., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 1., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 1., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 1.]], requires_grad=True)]

map_wires(wire_map)¶

Returns a copy of the current operator with its wires changed according to the given wire map.

Parameters: wire_map (dict) – dictionary containing the old wires as keys and the new wires as values
Returns: new operator
Return type: Operator

matrix(wire_order=None)[source]¶

Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.

If wire_order is provided, the numerical representation considers the position of the operator’s wires in the global wire order. Otherwise, the wire order defaults to the operator’s wires.

If the matrix depends on trainable parameters, the result will be cast in the same autodifferentiation framework as the parameters.

A MatrixUndefinedError is raised if the matrix representation has not been defined.

See also

compute_matrix()

Parameters: wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires
Returns: matrix representation
Return type: tensor_like

pow(z)[source]¶

A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.

Parameters: z (float) – exponent for the operator
Returns: list[Operator]

queue(context=<class 'pennylane.queuing.QueuingManager'>)¶: Append the operator to the Operator queue.

simplify()¶

Reduce the depth of nested operators to the minimum.

Returns: simplified operator
Return type: Operator

single_qubit_rot_angles()¶

The parameters required to implement a single-qubit gate as an equivalent Rot gate, up to a global phase.

Returns: A list of values \([\phi, \theta, \omega]\) such that \(RZ(\omega) RY(\theta) RZ(\phi)\) is equivalent to the original operation.
Return type: tuple[float, float, float]

sparse_matrix(wire_order=None)¶

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis.

If wire_order is provided, the numerical representation considers the position of the operator’s wires in the global wire order. Otherwise, the wire order defaults to the operator’s wires.

A SparseMatrixUndefinedError is raised if the sparse matrix representation has not been defined.

See also

compute_sparse_matrix()

Parameters: wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires
Returns: sparse matrix representation
Return type: scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix

terms()¶

Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.

\[O = \sum_i c_i O_i\]

A TermsUndefinedError is raised if no representation by terms is defined.

Returns: list of coefficients \(c_i\) and list of operations \(O_i\)
Return type: tuple[list[tensor_like or float], list[Operation]]

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