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qml.Hadamard

class Hadamard(wires)[source]

Bases: pennylane.operation.Observable, pennylane.operation.Operation

The Hadamard operator

H=12[1111].

See also

The equivalent short-form alias H

Details:

  • Number of wires: 1

  • Number of parameters: 0

Parameters

wires (Sequence[int] or int) – the wire the operation acts on

arithmetic_depth

Arithmetic depth of the operator.

basis

The basis of an operation, or for controlled gates, of the target operation.

batch_size

Batch size of the operator if it is used with broadcasted parameters.

control_wires

Control wires of the operator.

grad_method

Gradient computation method.

grad_recipe

Gradient recipe for the parameter-shift method.

has_adjoint

has_decomposition

has_diagonalizing_gates

has_generator

has_matrix

has_sparse_matrix

hash

Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.

hyperparameters

Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.

id

Custom string to label a specific operator instance.

is_hermitian

All observables must be hermitian

name

String for the name of the operator.

ndim_params

Number of dimensions per trainable parameter of the operator.

num_params

Number of trainable parameters that the operator depends on.

num_wires

Number of wires that the operator acts on.

parameter_frequencies

Returns the frequencies for each operator parameter with respect to an expectation value of the form ψ|U(p)ˆOU(p)|ψ.

parameters

Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.

pauli_rep

A PauliSentence representation of the Operator, or None if it doesn't have one.

wires

Wires that the operator acts on.

arithmetic_depth

Arithmetic depth of the operator.

basis

The basis of an operation, or for controlled gates, of the target operation. If not None, should take a value of "X", "Y", or "Z".

For example, X and CNOT have basis = "X", whereas ControlledPhaseShift and RZ have basis = "Z".

Type

str or None

batch_size

Batch size of the operator if it is used with broadcasted parameters.

The batch_size is determined based on ndim_params and the provided parameters for the operator. If (some of) the latter have an additional dimension, and this dimension has the same size for all parameters, its size is the batch size of the operator. If no parameter has an additional dimension, the batch size is None.

Returns

Size of the parameter broadcasting dimension if present, else None.

Return type

int or None

control_wires

Control wires of the operator.

For operations that are not controlled, this is an empty Wires object of length 0.

Returns

The control wires of the operation.

Return type

Wires

grad_method

Gradient computation method.

  • 'A': analytic differentiation using the parameter-shift method.

  • 'F': finite difference numerical differentiation.

  • None: the operation may not be differentiated.

Default is 'F', or None if the Operation has zero parameters.

grad_recipe = None

Gradient recipe for the parameter-shift method.

This is a tuple with one nested list per operation parameter. For parameter ϕk, the nested list contains elements of the form [ci,ai,si] where i is the index of the term, resulting in a gradient recipe of

ϕkf=icif(aiϕk+si).

If None, the default gradient recipe containing the two terms [c0,a0,s0]=[1/2,1,π/2] and [c1,a1,s1]=[1/2,1,π/2] is assumed for every parameter.

Type

tuple(Union(list[list[float]], None)) or None

has_adjoint = True
has_decomposition = True
has_diagonalizing_gates = True
has_generator = False
has_matrix = True
has_sparse_matrix = True
hash

Integer hash that uniquely represents the operator.

Type

int

hyperparameters

Dictionary of non-trainable variables that this operation depends on.

Type

dict

id

Custom string to label a specific operator instance.

is_hermitian

All observables must be hermitian

name
ndim_params

Number of dimensions per trainable parameter of the operator.

By default, this property returns the numbers of dimensions of the parameters used for the operator creation. If the parameter sizes for an operator subclass are fixed, this property can be overwritten to return the fixed value.

Returns

Number of dimensions for each trainable parameter.

Return type

tuple

num_params = 0

Number of trainable parameters that the operator depends on.

Type

int

num_wires = 1

Number of wires that the operator acts on.

Type

int

parameter_frequencies

Returns the frequencies for each operator parameter with respect to an expectation value of the form ψ|U(p)ˆOU(p)|ψ.

These frequencies encode the behaviour of the operator U(p) on the value of the expectation value as the parameters are modified. For more details, please see the pennylane.fourier module.

Returns

Tuple of frequencies for each parameter. Note that only non-negative frequency values are returned.

Return type

list[tuple[int or float]]

Example

>>> op = qml.CRot(0.4, 0.1, 0.3, wires=[0, 1])
>>> op.parameter_frequencies
[(0.5, 1), (0.5, 1), (0.5, 1)]

For operators that define a generator, the parameter frequencies are directly related to the eigenvalues of the generator:

>>> op = qml.ControlledPhaseShift(0.1, wires=[0, 1])
>>> op.parameter_frequencies
[(1,)]
>>> gen = qml.generator(op, format="observable")
>>> gen_eigvals = qml.eigvals(gen)
>>> qml.gradients.eigvals_to_frequencies(tuple(gen_eigvals))
(1.0,)

For more details on this relationship, see eigvals_to_frequencies().

parameters

Trainable parameters that the operator depends on.

pauli_rep

A PauliSentence representation of the Operator, or None if it doesn’t have one.

wires

Wires that the operator acts on.

Returns

wires

Return type

Wires

adjoint()

Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.

compare(other)

Compares with another Hamiltonian, Tensor, or Observable, to determine if they are equivalent.

compute_decomposition(wires)

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).

compute_diagonalizing_gates(wires)

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).

compute_eigvals()

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).

compute_matrix()

Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).

compute_sparse_matrix()

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).

decomposition()

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.

diagonalizing_gates()

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.

eigvals()

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis.

generator()

Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.

label([decimals, base_label, cache])

A customizable string representation of the operator.

map_wires(wire_map)

Returns a copy of the current operator with its wires changed according to the given wire map.

matrix([wire_order])

Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.

pow(z)

A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.

queue([context])

Append the operator to the Operator queue.

simplify()

Reduce the depth of nested operators to the minimum.

single_qubit_rot_angles()

The parameters required to implement a single-qubit gate as an equivalent Rot gate, up to a global phase.

sparse_matrix([wire_order])

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis.

terms()

Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.

adjoint()[source]

Create an operation that is the adjoint of this one.

Adjointed operations are the conjugated and transposed version of the original operation. Adjointed ops are equivalent to the inverted operation for unitary gates.

Returns

The adjointed operation.

compare(other)

Compares with another Hamiltonian, Tensor, or Observable, to determine if they are equivalent.

Observables/Hamiltonians are equivalent if they represent the same operator (their matrix representations are equal), and they are defined on the same wires.

Warning

The compare method does not check if the matrix representation of a Hermitian observable is equal to an equivalent observable expressed in terms of Pauli matrices. To do so would require the matrix form of Hamiltonians and Tensors be calculated, which would drastically increase runtime.

Returns

True if equivalent.

Return type

(bool)

Examples

>>> ob1 = qml.X(0) @ qml.Identity(1)
>>> ob2 = qml.Hamiltonian([1], [qml.X(0)])
>>> ob1.compare(ob2)
True
>>> ob1 = qml.X(0)
>>> ob2 = qml.Hermitian(np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0]]), 0)
>>> ob1.compare(ob2)
False
static compute_decomposition(wires)[source]

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators (static method).

O=O1O2On.

See also

decomposition().

Parameters

wires (Any, Wires) – Wire that the operator acts on.

Returns

decomposition of the operator

Return type

list[Operator]

Example:

>>> print(qml.Hadamard.compute_decomposition(0))
[PhaseShift(1.5707963267948966, wires=[0]),
RX(1.5707963267948966, wires=[0]),
PhaseShift(1.5707963267948966, wires=[0])]
static compute_diagonalizing_gates(wires)[source]

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis (static method).

Given the eigendecomposition O=UΣU where Σ is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary U.

The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.

Parameters

wires (Iterable[Any], Wires) – wires that the operator acts on

Returns

list of diagonalizing gates

Return type

list[Operator]

Example

>>> print(qml.Hadamard.compute_diagonalizing_gates(wires=[0]))
[RY(-0.7853981633974483, wires=[0])]
static compute_eigvals()[source]

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis (static method).

If diagonalizing_gates are specified and implement a unitary U, the operator can be reconstructed as

O=UΣU,

where Σ is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.

Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.

See also

eigvals()

Returns

eigenvalues

Return type

array

Example

>>> print(qml.Hadamard.compute_eigvals())
[ 1 -1]
static compute_matrix()[source]

Representation of the operator as a canonical matrix in the computational basis (static method).

The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.

See also

matrix()

Returns

matrix

Return type

ndarray

Example

>>> print(qml.Hadamard.compute_matrix())
[[ 0.70710678  0.70710678]
 [ 0.70710678 -0.70710678]]
static compute_sparse_matrix()[source]

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis (static method).

The canonical matrix is the textbook matrix representation that does not consider wires. Implicitly, this assumes that the wires of the operator correspond to the global wire order.

See also

sparse_matrix()

Parameters
  • *params (list) – trainable parameters of the operator, as stored in the parameters attribute

  • **hyperparams (dict) – non-trainable hyperparameters of the operator, as stored in the hyperparameters attribute

Returns

sparse matrix representation

Return type

scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix

decomposition()

Representation of the operator as a product of other operators.

O=O1O2On

A DecompositionUndefinedError is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.

Returns

decomposition of the operator

Return type

list[Operator]

diagonalizing_gates()

Sequence of gates that diagonalize the operator in the computational basis.

Given the eigendecomposition O=UΣU where Σ is a diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues, the sequence of diagonalizing gates implements the unitary U.

The diagonalizing gates rotate the state into the eigenbasis of the operator.

A DiagGatesUndefinedError is raised if no representation by decomposition is defined.

Returns

a list of operators

Return type

list[Operator] or None

eigvals()

Eigenvalues of the operator in the computational basis.

If diagonalizing_gates are specified and implement a unitary U, the operator can be reconstructed as

O=UΣU,

where Σ is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues.

Otherwise, no particular order for the eigenvalues is guaranteed.

Note

When eigenvalues are not explicitly defined, they are computed automatically from the matrix representation. Currently, this computation is not differentiable.

A EigvalsUndefinedError is raised if the eigenvalues have not been defined and cannot be inferred from the matrix representation.

Returns

eigenvalues

Return type

tensor_like

generator()

Generator of an operator that is in single-parameter-form.

For example, for operator

U(ϕ)=eiϕ(0.5Y+ZX)

we get the generator

>>> U.generator()
  0.5 * Y(0) + Z(0) @ X(1)

The generator may also be provided in the form of a dense or sparse Hamiltonian (using Hamiltonian and SparseHamiltonian respectively).

The default value to return is None, indicating that the operation has no defined generator.

label(decimals=None, base_label=None, cache=None)[source]

A customizable string representation of the operator.

Parameters
  • decimals=None (int) – If None, no parameters are included. Else, specifies how to round the parameters.

  • base_label=None (str) – overwrite the non-parameter component of the label

  • cache=None (dict) – dictionary that carries information between label calls in the same drawing

Returns

label to use in drawings

Return type

str

Example:

>>> op = qml.RX(1.23456, wires=0)
>>> op.label()
"RX"
>>> op.label(base_label="my_label")
"my_label"
>>> op = qml.RX(1.23456, wires=0, id="test_data")
>>> op.label()
"RX("test_data")"
>>> op.label(decimals=2)
"RX\n(1.23,"test_data")"
>>> op.label(base_label="my_label")
"my_label("test_data")"
>>> op.label(decimals=2, base_label="my_label")
"my_label\n(1.23,"test_data")"

If the operation has a matrix-valued parameter and a cache dictionary is provided, unique matrices will be cached in the 'matrices' key list. The label will contain the index of the matrix in the 'matrices' list.

>>> op2 = qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(2), wires=0)
>>> cache = {'matrices': []}
>>> op2.label(cache=cache)
'U(M0)'
>>> cache['matrices']
[tensor([[1., 0.],
 [0., 1.]], requires_grad=True)]
>>> op3 = qml.QubitUnitary(np.eye(4), wires=(0,1))
>>> op3.label(cache=cache)
'U(M1)'
>>> cache['matrices']
[tensor([[1., 0.],
        [0., 1.]], requires_grad=True),
tensor([[1., 0., 0., 0.],
        [0., 1., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 1., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 1.]], requires_grad=True)]
map_wires(wire_map)

Returns a copy of the current operator with its wires changed according to the given wire map.

Parameters

wire_map (dict) – dictionary containing the old wires as keys and the new wires as values

Returns

new operator

Return type

Operator

matrix(wire_order=None)

Representation of the operator as a matrix in the computational basis.

If wire_order is provided, the numerical representation considers the position of the operator’s wires in the global wire order. Otherwise, the wire order defaults to the operator’s wires.

If the matrix depends on trainable parameters, the result will be cast in the same autodifferentiation framework as the parameters.

A MatrixUndefinedError is raised if the matrix representation has not been defined.

See also

compute_matrix()

Parameters

wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires

Returns

matrix representation

Return type

tensor_like

pow(z)[source]

A list of new operators equal to this one raised to the given power.

Parameters

z (float) – exponent for the operator

Returns

list[Operator]

queue(context=<class 'pennylane.queuing.QueuingManager'>)

Append the operator to the Operator queue.

simplify()

Reduce the depth of nested operators to the minimum.

Returns

simplified operator

Return type

Operator

single_qubit_rot_angles()[source]

The parameters required to implement a single-qubit gate as an equivalent Rot gate, up to a global phase.

Returns

A list of values [ϕ,θ,ω] such that RZ(ω)RY(θ)RZ(ϕ) is equivalent to the original operation.

Return type

tuple[float, float, float]

sparse_matrix(wire_order=None)

Representation of the operator as a sparse matrix in the computational basis.

If wire_order is provided, the numerical representation considers the position of the operator’s wires in the global wire order. Otherwise, the wire order defaults to the operator’s wires.

A SparseMatrixUndefinedError is raised if the sparse matrix representation has not been defined.

Parameters

wire_order (Iterable) – global wire order, must contain all wire labels from the operator’s wires

Returns

sparse matrix representation

Return type

scipy.sparse._csr.csr_matrix

terms()

Representation of the operator as a linear combination of other operators.

O=iciOi

A TermsUndefinedError is raised if no representation by terms is defined.

Returns

list of coefficients ci and list of operations Oi

Return type

tuple[list[tensor_like or float], list[Operation]]

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